Tracing the impact of global value chain participation on CO2 emissions under the tech-nology gap heterogeneity: Evidence from emerging and developing countries
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2717Keywords:
carbon dioxide emission, global value chain (GVC), technology gap, environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), emerging and developing countriesAbstract
Research background: The issue of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, recognized as one of the major drivers of environmental degradation, has attracted considerable attention from academic researchers, policymakers, and professionals in relevant fields. Based on the existing research, countries’ pollution levels are shaped by a combination of factors, including their participation in global value chains (GVCs) and degree of technological advancement. Still, relatively little is known about the mutual interdependence of these factors in determining CO2 emissions, which creates the research gap that we address in this paper.
Purpose of the article: The aim of this study is to broaden understanding of the impact of GVC involvement on CO2 emissions in emerging and developing countries. We examine the impact of GVC participation on CO2 emissions conditional on a country’s distance to the world’s technological frontier. The rationale is that a country’s technological advancement may underpin the environmental impact of GVC participation. We claim that the adoption of technology by less developed countries via GVCs is conditioned by their absorptive capacity, which is determined by their initial level of technological development.
Methods: To investigate this issue, we employ the Arellano-Bond generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator and four patent-based technology gap indicators. The utilized data cover 90 emerging and developing countries.
Findings & value added: Our study demonstrates that a country’s technological advancement is the key factor that conditions the acquisition of environmental benefits of GVC participation. We find that countries with shorter distances to the world’s technological frontier enjoy a decline in CO2 emissions as their GVC involvement increases. At the same time, countries that are further away from the technological leader may not be able to experience CO2 reduction with increased GVC integration due to their inadequate absorptive capacity, which hampers the environmental benefits related to technology diffusion through GVCs.
Downloads
References
Acaravci, A., & Ozturk, I. F. (2010). On the relationship between energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in Europe. Energy, 35(12), 5412–5420. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.07.009
View in Google Scholar
Adedoyin, F. F., Alola, A. A., & Bekun, F. V. (2020). The nexus of environmental sustainability and agro-economic performance of Sub-Saharan African countries. Heliyon, 6(9), e04878. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04878
View in Google Scholar
Agostino, M., Giunta, A., Ruberto, S., & Scalera, D. (2023). Global value chains and energy-related sustainable practices. Evidence from Enterprise Survey data. Energy Economics, 127, 107068. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.107068
View in Google Scholar
Ali, E., & Gniniguè, M. (2022). Global value chains participation and structural transformation in Africa: Are we advocating environmental protection? Journal of Cleaner Production, 366, 132914. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132914
View in Google Scholar
Ali, E., Gniniguè, M., & Awade, N. E. (2023). Sectoral value chains and environmental pollution in Africa: Can development policies target digitalization and structural transformation to enhance environmental governance? Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, 12(2), 229–247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2022.2110163
View in Google Scholar
Amin, A., Altinoz, B., & Dogan, E. (2020). Analyzing the determinants of carbon emissions from transportation in European countries: The role of renewable energy and urbanization. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 22, 1725–1734. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-020-01910-2
View in Google Scholar
Ansari, M. A., & Khan, N. A. (2021). Decomposing the trade-environment nexus for high income, upper and lower middle income countries: What do the composition, scale, and technique effect indicate? Ecological Indicators, 121, 107122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107122
View in Google Scholar
Antràs, P. (2020). Conceptual aspects of global value chains. World Bank Economic Review, 34(3), 551–574. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhaa006
View in Google Scholar
Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277–297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2297968
View in Google Scholar
Arminen, H., & Menegaki, A. N. (2019). Corruption, climate and the energy-environment growth nexus. Energy Economics, 80, 621–634. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.02.009
View in Google Scholar
Arouri, M. H., Youssef, B. A., M'henni, H., & Rault, C. (2012). Energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions in Middle East and North African countries. Energy Policy, 45, 342–349. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.02.042
View in Google Scholar
Assamoi, G. R., Wang, S., Liu, Y., Gnangoin, T. B. Y., Kassi, D. F., & Edjoukou, A. J. R. (2020). Dynamics between participation in global value chains and carbon dioxide emissions: Empirical evidence for selected Asian countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(14), 16496–16506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08166-9
View in Google Scholar
Avom, D., Nkengfack, H., Fotio, H. K., & Totouom, A. (2020). ICT and environmental quality in Sub-Saharan Africa: Effects and transmission channels. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 155, 120028. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120028
View in Google Scholar
Azam, M., Rehman, Z. U., & Ibrahim, Y. (2022). Causal nexus in industrialization, urbanization, trade openness, and carbon emissions: Empirical evidence from OPEC economies. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24, 13990–14010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-02019-2
View in Google Scholar
Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Shahbaz, M., Roubaud, D., & Farhani, S. (2018). How economic growth, renewable electricity and natural resources contribute to CO2 emissions? Energy Policy, 113, 356–367. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.10.050
View in Google Scholar
Borin, A., & Mancini, M. (2019). Measuring what matters in global value chains and value-added trade. Policy Research Working Paper, 8804. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8804
View in Google Scholar
Borowiec, J., & Papież, M. (2024). Convergence of CO2 emissions in countries at different stages of development. Do globalisation and environmental policies matter? Energy Policy, 184, 113866. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113866
View in Google Scholar
Brambor, T., Clark, W. R., & Golder, M. (2006). Understanding interaction models: Improving empirical analyses. Political Analysis, 14(1), 63–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpi014
View in Google Scholar
Burki, U., & Tahir, M. (2022). Determinants of environmental degradation: Evidenced-based insights from ASEAN economies. Journal of Environmental Management, 306, 114506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114506
View in Google Scholar
Cai, X., Li, K., Wang, W., Lu, Y., & Wang, R. (2023). The role of resource rent in shaping CO2 emissions in BRICS countries: A panel data approach. Resources Policy, 85, 103857. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103857
View in Google Scholar
Chen, H., Zhang, C., & Yin, K. (2022). The impact of global value chain embedding on carbon emissions embodied in China’s exports. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 950869. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.950869
View in Google Scholar
Chen, S., Akimoto, K., Sun, Y., Kagatsume, M., & Wang, N. (2021). The sustainability of regional decarbonization through the global value chain analytical framework: A case study of Germany. Journal of Cleaner Production, 317, 128335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128335
View in Google Scholar
Chen, Y., & Lee, C. C. (2020). Does technological innovation reduce CO2 emissions? Cross-country evidence. Journal of Cleaner Production, 263, 121550. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121550
View in Google Scholar
Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1989). Innovation and learning: The two faces of R&D. Economic Journal, 99(397), 569–596. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2233763
View in Google Scholar
Dauda, L., Long, X., Mensah, C. N., Salman, M., Boamah, K. B., Ampon-Wireko, S., & Dogbe, C. S. K. (2021). Innovation, trade openness and CO2 emissions in selected countries in Africa. Journal of Cleaner Production, 281, 125143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125143
View in Google Scholar
De Marchi, V., Giuliani, E., & Rabellotti, R. (2018). Do global value chains offer developing countries learning and innovation opportunities? European Journal of Development Research, 30, 389–407. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-017-0126-z
View in Google Scholar
Dietzenbacher, E., & Yan, B. (2024). Explaining the direction of emissions embodied in trade from hypotheses based on country rankings. Energy Economics, 129, 107188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.107188
View in Google Scholar
Dong, K., Hochman, G., & Timilsina, G. R. (2020). Do drivers of CO2 emission growth alter overtime and by the stage of economic development? Energy Policy, 140, 111420. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111420
View in Google Scholar
Du, K., Li, P., & Yan, Z. (2019). Do green technology innovations contribute to carbon dioxide emission reduction? Empirical evidence from patent data. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 146, 297–303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.06.010
View in Google Scholar
Ehigiamusoe, K. U., Lean, H. H., & Smyth, R. (2020). The moderating role of energy consumption in the carbon emissions-income nexus in middle-income countries. Applied Energy, 261, 114215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114215
View in Google Scholar
Espinosa-Gracia, A., Almazán-Gómez, M. Á., & Jiménez, S. (2023). CO2 emissions and global value chains indicators: New evidence for 1995–2018. Journal of Environmental Management, 343, 118239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118239
View in Google Scholar
Fagerberg, J., Lundvall, B. Å., & Srholec, M. (2018). Global value chains, national innovation systems and economic development. European Journal of Development Research, 30(3), 533–556. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-018-0147-2
View in Google Scholar
Farooq, U., Tabash, M. I., Anagreh, S., Al-Rdaydeh, M., & Habib, S. (2023). Economic growth, foreign investment, tourism, and electricity production as determinants of environmental quality: Empirical evidence from GCC region. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(16), 45768–45780. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25545-0
View in Google Scholar
Fernandes, A., Kee, H. L., & Winkler, D. (2022). Determinants of global value chain participation: cross-country evidence. World Bank Economic Review, 36(2), 329–360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhab017
View in Google Scholar
Gentile, E., Xing, Y., Rubínová, S., & Huang, S. (2021). Productivity growth, innovation, and upgrading along global value chains. In Y. Xing, E. Gentile & D. Dollar (Eds.). Beyond production. GVC development report 2021 (pp. 72–104). World Trade Organization.
View in Google Scholar
Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. NBER Working Paper Series, 3194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914
View in Google Scholar
Gyamfi, B. A., Onifade, S. T., Nwani, C., & Bekun, F. V. (2022). Accounting for the combined impacts of natural resources rent, income level, and energy consumption on environmental quality of G7 economies: A panel quantile regression approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(2), 2806–2818. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15756-8
View in Google Scholar
Habiba, U. M. M. E., Xinbang, C., & Anwar, A. (2022). Do green technology innovations, financial development, and renewable energy use help to curb carbon emissions? Renewable Energy, 193, 1082–1093. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.05.084
View in Google Scholar
Haini, H. (2021). Examining the impact of ICT, human capital and carbon emissions: Evidence from the ASEAN economies. International Economics, 166, 116–125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inteco.2021.03.003
View in Google Scholar
Haldar, A., & Sethi, N. (2021). Effect of institutional quality and renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions − an empirical investigation for developing countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(12), 15485–15503. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11532-2
View in Google Scholar
Hassan, S. T., Xia, E., & Lee, C.-C. (2021). Mitigation pathways impact of climate change and improving sustainable development: The roles of natural resources, income, and CO2 emission. Energy & Environment, 32(2), 338–363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X20932550
View in Google Scholar
Jaforullah, M., & King, A. (2017). The econometric consequences of an energy consumption variable in a model of CO2 emissions. Energy Economics, 63, 84–91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.01.025
View in Google Scholar
Jin, Z.-D., Duan, H.-B., Wang, J.-C., Yang, M., Guo, Y.-H., & Cui, X.-D. (2022). Heterogeneous impacts of GVCs participation on CO2 intensity: Evidence from developed and developing countries/regions. Advances in Climate Change Research, 13(2), 187–195, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2022.01.002
View in Google Scholar
Kasman, A., & Duman, Y. S. (2015). CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption, trade and urbanization in new EU member and candidate countries: a panel data analysis. Economic Modelling, 44, 97–103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.10.022
View in Google Scholar
Kersan-Škabić, I. (2017). Assessment of EU member states’ positions in global value chains. Eastern Journal of European Studies, 8(2), 5–24.
View in Google Scholar
Kersan-Škabić, I. (2019). The drivers of global value chain (GVC) participation in EU member states. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 32(1), 1204–1218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1629978
View in Google Scholar
Khattak, S. I., Khan, A., & Hussain, K. (2024). Green technology innovations, natural gas and resource extraction strategies in BRICS: Modeling impacts on CO2 emission intensity. Sustainable Futures, 7, 100227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2024.100227
View in Google Scholar
Koopman, R., Powers, W., Wang, Z., & Wei, S.-J. (2011). Give credit to where credit is due: Tracing value added in global production chains. NBER Working Paper Series, 16426. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1949669
View in Google Scholar
Lenzen, M., Kanemoto, K., Moran, D., & Geschke, A. (2012). Mapping the structure of the world economy. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(15), 8374–8381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/es300171x
View in Google Scholar
Lenzen, M., Moran, D., Kanemoto, K., & Geschke, A. (2013). Building Eora: A global multi-regional input-output database at high country and sector resolution. Economic Systems Research, 25(1), 20–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2013.769938
View in Google Scholar
Li, B., & Haneklaus, N. (2021). The role of renewable energy, fossil fuel consumption, urbanization and economic growth on CO2 emissions in China. Energy Reports, 7, 783–791. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.09.194
View in Google Scholar
Li, B., & Haneklaus, N. (2022). Reducing CO2 emissions in G7 countries: The role of clean energy consumption, trade openness and urbanization. Energy Reports, 8, 704–713. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.01.238
View in Google Scholar
Lin, H., Wang, X., Bao, G., & Xiao, H. (2022). Heterogeneous spatial effects of FDI on CO2 emissions in China. Earth’s Future, 10(1), e2021EF002331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EF002331
View in Google Scholar
Ma, X., Liu, X., Pan, X., & Liao, X. (2022). Global value chain participation impacts carbon emissions–Take the electro-optical equipment industry as an example. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 943801. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.943801
View in Google Scholar
Meng, B., Ye, M., & Wei, S. J. (2020). Measuring smile curves in global value chains. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 82(5), 988–1016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/obes.12364
View in Google Scholar
Mert, M., & Caglar, A. E. (2020). Testing pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses for Turkey: A new perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 32933–32943. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09469-7
View in Google Scholar
Montalbano, P., Nenci, S., & Pietrobelli, C. (2018). Opening and linking up: Firms, GVCs, and productivity in Latin America. Small Business Economics, 50(4), 917–935. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9902-6
View in Google Scholar
Morrison, A., Pietrobelli, C., & Rabellotti, R. (2008). Global value chains and technological capabilities: a framework to study learning and innovation in developing countries. Oxford Development Studies, 36(1), 39–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13600810701848144
View in Google Scholar
Muhammad, S., & Long, X. (2021). Rule of law and CO2 emissions: A comparative analysis across 65 Belt and Road initiative (BRI) countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, 123539. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123539
View in Google Scholar
Munir, Q., Lean, H.H., & Smyth R. (2020). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in the ASEAN-5 countries: A cross-sectional dependence approach. Energy Economics, 85, 104571. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104571
View in Google Scholar
Nguyen, D. K., Huynh, T. L. D., & Nasir, M. A. (2021). Carbon emissions determinants and forecasting: Evidence from G6 countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 285, 111988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111988
View in Google Scholar
OECD (2021). Patents in environment-related technologies: Technology development by inventor country. OECD Environment Statistics [database].
View in Google Scholar
Ofori, E. K., Onifade, S. T., Ali, E. B., Alola, A. A., & Zhang, J. (2023). Achieving carbon neutrality in post COP26 in BRICS, MINT, and G7 economies: The role of financial development and governance indicators. Journal of Cleaner Production, 387, 135853. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.135853
View in Google Scholar
Patel, N., & Mehta, D. (2023). The asymmetry effect of industrialization, financial development and globalization on CO2 emissions in India. International Journal of Thermofluids, 20, 100397. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2023.100397
View in Google Scholar
Piva, M., & Vivarelli, M. (2018). Technological change and employment: Is Europe ready for the challenge? Eurasian Business Review, 8(1), 13–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40821-017-0100-x
View in Google Scholar
Qian, Z., Zhao, Y., Shi, Q., Zheng, L., Wang, S., & Zhu, J. (2022). Global value chains participation and CO2 emissions in RCEP countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 332, 130070. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130070
View in Google Scholar
Rigo, D. (2021). Global value chains and technology transfer: New evidence from developing countries. Review of World Economics, 157(2), 271–294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-020-00398-8
View in Google Scholar
Roodman, D. (2009a). A note on the theme of too many instruments. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 71(1), 135–158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2008.00542.x
View in Google Scholar
Roodman, D. (2009b). How to do xtabond2: An introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata. Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata, 9(1), 86–136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0900900106
View in Google Scholar
Shahbaz, M., Mutascu, M., & Azim, P. (2013). Environmental Kuznets curve in Romania and the role of energy consumption. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 18, 165–173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.012
View in Google Scholar
Siewers, S., Martínez-Zarzoso, I., & Baghdadi, L. (2024). Global value chains and firms’ environmental performance. World Development, 173, 106395. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106395
View in Google Scholar
Singhania, M., & Saini, N. (2021). Demystifying pollution haven hypothesis: Role of FDI. Journal of Business Research, 123, 516–528. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.007
View in Google Scholar
Tang, Y., Qiao, X., & Zhu, Y. (2023). Global Value Chains and the environmental Kuznets Curve: Promotion or hindrance? Applied Economics Letters, 30(14), 1913–1917. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2022.2083564
View in Google Scholar
Twerefou, D. K., Akpalu, W., & Mensah, A. C. E. (2019). Trade-induced environmental quality: The role of factor endowment and environmental regulation in Africa. Climate and Development, 11(9), 786–798. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2018.1562868
View in Google Scholar
Uche, E., Das, N., Bera, P., & Cifuentes-Faura, J. (2023). Understanding the imperativeness of environmental-related technological innovations in the FDI–Environmental performance nexus. Renewable Energy, 206, 285–294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.02.060
View in Google Scholar
Ulucak, R., Danish, & Ozcan, B. (2020). Relationship between energy consumption and environmental sustainability in OECD countries: The role of natural resources rents. Resources Policy, 69, 101803. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101803
View in Google Scholar
Umar, M., Raza, M. Y., & Xu, Y. (2023). Determinants of CO2 emissions and economic progress: A case from a developing economy. Heliyon, 9(1), e12303. https://doi.org./10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12303
View in Google Scholar
Wang, J., Rickman, D. S., & Yu, Y. (2022). Dynamics between global value chain participation, CO2 emissions, and economic growth: Evidence from a panel vector autoregression model. Energy Economics, 109(2022), 105965. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.105965
View in Google Scholar
Wang, J., Wan, G., & Wang, C. (2019). Participation in GVCs and CO2 emissions. Energy Economics, 84, 104561. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104561
View in Google Scholar
Wang, Q., Wang, L., & Li, R. (2023). Trade protectionism jeopardizes carbon neutrality–decoupling and breakpoints roles of trade openness. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 35, 201–215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2022.08.034
View in Google Scholar
Wang, S., He, Y., & Song, M. (2021). Global value chains, technological progress, and the environmental pollution: Inequality towards developing countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 277, 110999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110999
View in Google Scholar
Wawrzyniak, D., & Doryń, W. (2020). Does the quality of institutions modify the economic growth-carbon dioxide emissions nexus? Evidence from a group of emerging and developing countries. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 33(1), 124–144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1708770
View in Google Scholar
World Bank (2020). World Development Report 2020: Trading for development in the age of global value chains, Washington, D.C., [database]. Retrieved from http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/834031570559525797/Chapter-1.zip (23.02.2020).
View in Google Scholar
Wu, R., Wang, J., Wang, S., & Feng, K. (2021). The drivers of declining CO2 emissions trends in developed nations using an extended STIRPAT model: A historical and prospective analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 149, 111328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111328
View in Google Scholar
Wu, S., Wei, T., Qu, Y., Xue, R., Wang, H., & Shan, Y. (2024). How does global value chain embeddedness affect environmental pollution? Evidence from Chinese enterprises. Journal of Cleaner Production, 434, 140232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140232
View in Google Scholar
Xin, D., Ahmad, M., Lei, H., & Khattak, S.I. (2021). Do innovation in environmental-related technologies asymmetrically affect carbon dioxide emissions in the United States? Technology in Society, 67, 101761. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101761
View in Google Scholar
Xu, B. (2000). Multinational enterprises, technology diffusion, and host country productivity growth. Journal of Development Economics, 62(2), 477–493. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(00)00093-6
View in Google Scholar
Yang, N., & Liu, Q. (2021). The interaction effects of GVC involvement and domestic R&D on carbon emissions: evidence from China’s industrial sectors. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 34(6), 687–702. https://doi.org./10.1080/09537325.2021.1916456. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2021.1916456
View in Google Scholar
Yasin, I., Ahmad, N., & Chaudhary, M. A. (2021). The impact of financial development, political institutions, and urbanization on environmental degradation: Evidence from 59 less-developed economies. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23, 6698–6721. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00885-w
View in Google Scholar
Ye, C., Ye, Q., Shi, X., & Sun, Y. (2020). Technology gap, global value chain and carbon intensity: Evidence from global manufacturing industries. Energy Policy, 137, 111094. https://doi.org./10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111094. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111094
View in Google Scholar
Zhu, S., Tang, Y., Qiao, X., You, W., & Peng, C. (2022). Spatial effects of participation in global value chains on CO2 emissions: A global spillover perspective. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 58(3), 776–789. https://doi.org./10.1080/1540496X.2021.1911801. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2021.1911801
View in Google Scholar
Zmami, M., & Ben-Salha, O. (2020). An empirical analysis of the determinants of CO2 emissions in GCC countries. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 27(5), 469–480. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2020.1715508
View in Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Oeconomia Copernicana
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
