Motor fuel taxes and the environmental protection
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/OeC.2011.002Keywords:
environmental protection, motor fuels, environmental taxesAbstract
Motor fuel taxes are primarily revenue-raising taxes. However, due to high fuel consumption these taxes can be quite an efficient source of general budget revenue in many countries. It seems that the taxes on motor fuels may also be useful instruments for environmental policy or climate change policy. Environmental objectives can be achieved through change of behavior of drivers. The paper presents theoretical basis for taxes levied on motor fuels. Attention is paid to the problem of external costs of transport and internalization of external costs by applying taxes on motor fuels. The article also contains a review of the European Union countries experience with taxes levied on motor fuels (such as: petrol, diesel oil, liquid petroleum gas and compressed natural gas). The author discusses the structure of fuel taxation and tax rates in different countries. Attention is also paid to the fuel taxes which are principally intended to change behavior, not to raise revenue (particularly carbon taxes) and to the ?environmentally friendly? tax differentiations. The paper is based on the available literature and reports published by various organizations (Eurostat, the OECD).
Downloads
References
Bak M., Pawłowska B. (2000), Ekonomiczne skutki internalizacji kosztów zewnetrznych transportu, ?Przeglad Komunikacyjny?, nr 5.
Cordes J., Ebel R., Gravelle J. (red.) (2005), Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy, Urban Institute, Washington.
Czaja S., Becla A. (2002), Ekologiczne podstawy procesów gospodarowania, Wydawnictwo Akademii Ekonomicznej we Wrocławiu, Wrocław. Dyrektywa Rady 2003/96/WE z dnia 27 pazdziernika 2003 r. w sprawie restrukturyzacji wspólnotowych przepisów ramowych dotyczacych opodatkowania produktów energetycznych i energii elektrycznej (Dz.Urz. L 283 z 31 pazdziernika 2003 r.).
Economic Survey of Portugal 2010 (2010), OECD, Paris.
Efficient Transport Taxes and Charges (2000), OECD, Paris.
End-Use Petroleum Product Prices and Average Crude Oil Import Costs (January 2011) (2011), International Energy Agency, Paris.
Energy in Sweden 2010 (2010), Swedish Energy Agency, Eskilstuna.
Energy Taxation (2011), Tulli, Helsinki.
Excise Duty Tables. Part II ? Energy Products and Electricity (January 2008) (2008), European Commission, Brussels 2008.
Excise Duty Tables. Part II ? Energy Products and Electricity (July 2010) (2010), European Commission, Brussels.
Finance Bill 2010 (2010), PricewaterhouseCoopers, Dublin.
Graczyk A. (2005), Ekologiczne koszty zewnetrzne. Identyfikacja, szacowanie, internalizacja, Wydawnictwo Ekonomia i Srodowisko, Białystok.
Green Paper on Market-Based Instruments for Environment and Energy Related Policy Purposes (2007), European Commission, Brussels.
Kałka M., Ksieniewicz U. (2009), Podatek akcyzowy, Unimex, Wrocław. Kijewski J. (1993), Spalanie, [w:] J. Kijewski (red.), Maszynoznawstwo, Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, Warszawa.
Lindhjem H., Skjelvik J., Eriksson A., Fitch T., Hansen L. (2009), The Use of Economic Instruments in Nordic Environmental Policy 2006-2009, Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen.
Mankiw G., Taylor M. (2009), Mikroekonomia, PWE, Warszawa.
Market-Based Instruments for Environmental Policy in Europe (2005), European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen.
Mazur E. (1994), Transport a srodowisko przyrodnicze Polski, Uniwersytet Szczecinski, Szczecin.
Nakagawa D., Matsunaka R. (2006), Transport Policy and Funding, Emerald Group Publishing, Amsterdam.
Nivola P. (2010), The Load and Winding Road: Automotive Fuel Economy and American Politics, [w:] B. Rabe (red.), Greenhouse Governance: Addressing Climate Change in America, Brookings Institution Press, Washington.
OECD Economic Surveys: Netherlands 2010 (2010), OECD, Paris.
Oil Dependence: Is Transport Running out of Affordable Fuel? (2008), Transport Research Centre, International Transport Forum, OECD, Paris.
Opinia Europejskiego Komitetu Ekonomiczno-Społecznego w sprawie wniosku dotyczacego dyrektywy Rady zmieniajacej dyrektywe 2003/96/WE w odniesieniu do dostosowania szczególnych przepisów podatkowych dotyczacych oleju napedowego stosowanego jako paliwo silnikowe do celów handlowych oraz koordynacji opodatkowania benzyny bezołowiowej i oleju napedowego stosowanych jako paliwo silnikowe COM(2007) 52 wersja ostateczna (Dz.Urz. C44/115 z 16 lutego 2008 r.).
Parulski S. (2010), Akcyza. Komentarz, Kantor Wydawniczy Wotlters Kluwer Polska, Warszawa.
Pawłowska B. (2009), Koszty zewnetrzne w transporcie, [w:] M. Bak (red.), Koszty i opłaty w transporcie, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdanskiego, Gdansk.
Ptak M. (2010), Environmentally Motivated Energy Taxes in Scandinavian Countries, w: ?Economic and Environmental Studies? Vol. 10, nr 3. Reforming Transport Taxes (2003), ECMT, OECD, Paris.
Ribeiro M., Schlegelmilsch K., Gee D. (1999), Environmental Taxes Seem to be Effective Instruments for the Environment, [w:] T. Sterner (red.), The Market and the Environment: the Effectiveness of Market-Based Policy Instruments For Environmental Reform, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham 1999.
Road Sector Gasoline Fuel Consumption per Capita, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.ROD.SGAS.PC/countries?display =map (stan z dnia 20.02.2011 r.).
Rozporzadzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 14 pazdziernika 2008 r. w sprawie opłat za korzystanie ze srodowiska (Dz.U. z 2008 r., Nr 196, poz. 1217).
Skattestatistisk ?rsbok. Skatter i Sverige (2010), Skatteverket.
Statistisches Jahrbuch 2008 (2008), Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden.
Statistisches Jahrbuch 2010 (2010), Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden.
Sterner T. (2003), Policy Instruments for Environmental and Natural Resource Management, Resources for the Future, Washington.
Sustainable Development in Germany Data Relating to the Indicator Report 2010 (2010), Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden.
Taxation, Innovation and the Environment (2010), OECD, Paris.
Taxes and Charges on Road Users: Sixth Report of Session 2008-09 (2009), Parliament: House of Commons: Transport Committee, House of Commons, The Stationery Office, Norwich.
Taxes in Sweden 2010 (2010), Swedish Tax Agency. The Ecological Tax Reform: Introduction, Continuation and Development into an Ecological Fiscal Reform (2004), Ministry of Finance, Berlin.
The OECD/EEA Database on Instruments used for Environmental Policy and Natural Resources Management, http://www2. oecd.org/ecoinst/ queries/index.htm (stan na dzien 14.02.2011 r.).
The Political Economy of Environmentally Related Taxes (2006), OECD, Paris.
The Scope for CO2-Based Differentiation in Motor Vehicle Taxes (2009), OECD, Paris.
Ustawa z dnia 25 sierpnia 2006 r. o systemie monitorowania i kontrolowania jakosci paliw (Dz.U. z 2006 r., Nr 169, poz. 1200 ze zm.).
Ustawa z dnia 6 grudnia 2008 r. o podatku akcyzowym (Dz.U. z 2009 r., Nr 3, poz. 11 ze zm.).
Vollebergh H. (2008), Lessons from the Polder: Energy Tax Design in The Netherlands from a Climate Change Perspective, ?Ecological Economics?, Vol. 64, nr 3.
Vollebergh H. (2010), Fuel Taxes, Motor Vehicle Emission Standards and Patents Related to the Fuel-Efficiency and Emissions of Motor Vehicles, OECD, Paris.
Wojewódzka-Król K. (1999), Infrastruktura transportu a srodowisko, ?Przeglad Komunikacyjny?, nr 6.