Mobbing and corporate social responsibility: does the status of the organisation guarantee employee wellbeing and intentions to stay in the job?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2020.030Keywords:
workplace mobbing, employees’ emotional state, employee intentions, CSR, Poland & LithuaniaAbstract
Research background: In spite of abundant evidence that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) contributes to improving the emotional state of employees as stakeholders and can serve as a useful tool for reduction of their turnover in organizations, until now, it remains unclear how the different status of CSR is related to consequences accompanying mobbing.
Purpose of the article: This study compares the emotional state and intentions of Polish and Lithuanian organizations? employees who have experienced mobbing with regard to the status of CSR. The paper presents part of the results of a wider study conducted in two neighbouring states, which are exclusively related to the employees? emotional state and employee intentions after experiencing mobbing in the workplace.
Methods: The research sample involved 823 respondents employed in Lithuania and Poland. The questionnaire survey was conducted using the questionnaire ?Mobbing as a Psychosocial Stressor in the Organizations Accessing and Implementing Corporate Social Responsibility ? MOB-CSR?. Comparisons are made with regard to and CSR and relate to Lithuania (LT) and Poland (PL), when organisations are divided into three groups: (I) Is CSR; (II) Seeks to be-come CSR and (III) Does not seek to become CSR. Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H test were used as the research methods.
Findings & Value added: CSR is related to employees? better emotional state and lesser intentions to leave the organisation, but the study revealed unexpected results showing that according to certain parameters, the situation in the organisations seeking CSR was better than in those already declaring this status (e.g. the feeling of hopelessness, reluctance to seek better results, etc.). It is discussed why the results between countries that have similar historical experience and are culturally close differ. The conclusions emphasize the necessity for practitioners and researchers to evaluate the impact of change on employees? emotional state and intentions at different stages of CSR implementation more carefully. Besides, the results revealed a significant impact of the different status of enterprises with regard to CSR on employees? emotional state and intentions to stay in the job. This article contributes to the literature analysing organizational management by filling gaps in empirical research on CSR, mobbing, employees? emotional state and intentions in different cultures.
Downloads
References
Adoric, V. C., & Kvartuc, T. (2007). Effects of mobbing on justice beliefs and adjustment. European Psychologist, 12, 261-271. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040.12. 4.261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.12.4.261
View in Google Scholar
Afe, C. E. I., Abodohoui, A., Mebounou, T. G. C., & Karuranga, E. (2019). Perceived organizational climate and whistleblowing intention in academic organizations: evidence from Selçuk University (Turkey). Eurasian Business Review, 9, 299-318. doi: 10.1007/s40821-018-0110-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40821-018-0110-3
View in Google Scholar
Aguilera, R. V., Rupp, D. E., Williams, C. A., & Ganapathi, J. (2007). Putting the S back in corporate social responsibility: a multilevel theory of social change in organisations. Academy of Management Review, 32(3), 836-863. doi: 10.5465/amr.2007.25275678. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.25275678
View in Google Scholar
Ahmad, S., & Kaleem, A. (2019). Zooming in on the workplace bullying and turnover intentions pathway: the role of well?being and a cultural boundary condition. Personnel Review, 49(2), 425?444. doi: 10.1108/PR-06-2018-0214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-06-2018-0214
View in Google Scholar
Amponsah-Tawiah, K., & Mensah, J. (2015). Harmonising stakeholder interests: the role of occupational health and safety. African Journal of Business Management, 9(9), 394?401. doi:10.5897/AJBM2014.7603. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM2014.7603
View in Google Scholar
Androniceanu, A. (2019). Social responsibility, an essential strategic option for a sustainable development in the field of bio-economy. Amfiteatru Economic, 21(52), 503-519. doi: 10.24818/EA/2019/52/503. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24818/EA/2019/52/503
View in Google Scholar
Angeles, C. M., Martínez, B., & Sanchez, M. R. (2012). Mobbing and workers? health: empirical analysis for Spain. International Journal of Manpower, 33(3), 322-339. doi: 10.1108/01437721211234183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01437721211234183
View in Google Scholar
Arenas, A., Giorgi, G., Montani, F., Mancuso, S., Perez, J. F., Mucci, N., & Arcangeli, G. (2015). Workplace bullying in a sample of italian and spanish employees and its relationship with job satisfaction, and psychological well?being. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(1912), 1-10. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01912. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01912
View in Google Scholar
Baillien, E., Bollen, K., Euwema, M., & De Witte, H. (2014). Conflicts and conflict management styles as precursors of workplace bullying: a two?wave longitudinal study. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(4), 511-524. doi: 10.1080/1359432X.2012.752899. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.752899
View in Google Scholar
Baillien, E., Escartín, J., Gross, C., & Zapf, D. (2017). Towards a conceptual and empirical differentiation between workplace bullying and interpersonal conflict. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(6), 870-881. doi: 10.1080/1359432X.2017.1385601. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1385601
View in Google Scholar
Baillien, E., Neyens, I., De Witte, H., & Notelaers, G. (2008). From conflict escalation to workplace bullying: an analysis with the conflict management styles of the Dual Concern Theory. Gedrag & Organisatie, 21(2), 113-136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5117/2008.021.002.002
View in Google Scholar
Bayar, Y., & Maxim, L. D. (2020). Effects of labor market and business regulations on unemployment: evidence from EU transition economies. Labor History. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1080/0023656X.2020.1841125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2020.1841125
View in Google Scholar
Bauman, C. W., & Skitka, L. J. (2012). Corporate social responsibility as a source of employee satisfaction. Research in Organizational Behavior, 32, 63?86. doi: 10.1016/j.riob.2012.11.002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2012.11.002
View in Google Scholar
Berthelsen, M., Skogstad, A., Lau, B., & Einarsen, S. (2011). Do they stay or do they go? A longitudinal study of intentions to leave and exclusion from working life among targets of workplace bullying. International Journal of Manpower, 32(2), 178-193. doi: 10.1108/01437721111130198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01437721111130198
View in Google Scholar
Bhattacharya, C. B., Korschun, D., & Sen, S. (2009). Strengthening stakeholder?company relationships through mutually beneficial corporate social responsibility initiatives. Journal of Business Ethics, 85, 257-272. doi: 10.1007/s10551-008-9730-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9730-3
View in Google Scholar
Borker, D. R. (2012). Accounting, culture and emerging economies: IFRS in Central and Eastern Europe. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 11(9), 1003-1018. doi: 10.19030/iber.v11i9.7184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19030/iber.v11i9.7184
View in Google Scholar
Callea, A., Lo Presti, A., Mauno, S., & Urbini, F. (2019). The associations of quantitative/qualitative job insecurity and well-being: the role of self-esteem. International Journal of Stress Management, 26(1), 46-56. doi: 10.1037/str0000091. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000091
View in Google Scholar
Carbo, A. J. (2009). The right to dignity at work: critical management studies and corporate social responsibility insights into workplace bullying. A doctoral dissertation. Cornell University.
View in Google Scholar
Carroll, A. B. (1991). The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: towards the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business Horizons, 34(4) 39-48. doi: 10.1016/0007-6813(91)90005-G. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(91)90005-G
View in Google Scholar
Carroll, A. B. (1999). Corporate social responsibility. Evolution of definitional construct. Business and Society, 38(3), 268-295. doi: 10.1177/000765039903 800303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/000765039903800303
View in Google Scholar
Cheng, T., Mauno, S., & Lee, C. (2014). The buffering effect of coping strategies in the relationship between job insecurity and employee well-being. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 35(1), 71-94. doi: 10.1177/0143831X12463170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X12463170
View in Google Scholar
Chudzicka-Czupała, A., Grabowski, D., & Wilczyńska, A. (2017). Mobbing and discrimination in companies. The importance of prevention. Polish Journal of Applied Psychology, 15(1), 79-92. doi: 10.1515/pjap-2015-0073. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/pjap-2015-0073
View in Google Scholar
Chwistecka-Dudek, H. (2016). Corporate social responsibility: supporters vs. opponents of the concept. Forum Scientiae Oeconomia, 4(4), 171-179.
View in Google Scholar
Civilidag, A. (2014). Hotel employees? mobbing, burnout, job satisfaction and perceived organizational support: a research on hospitality in Turkey. European Scientific Journal, 10(35), 1-22.
View in Google Scholar
Crane, A., & Glozer, S. (2016). Researching corporate social responsibility communication: themes, opportunities and challenges. Journal of Management Studies, 53(7), 1223-1252. doi: 10.1111/joms.12196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12196
View in Google Scholar
Czubała, A. (2016). Corporate social responsibility in marketing. Forum Scientiae Oeconomia, 4(1), 103-111.
View in Google Scholar
Duffy, M., & Sperry, L. (2007). Workplace mobbing: individual and family health consequences. Family Journal, 15(4), 398-404. doi: 10.1177%2F10664807073 05069. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480707305069
View in Google Scholar
Duffy, M., & Sperry, L. (2012). Mobbing ? causes, consequences, and solutions. New York: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380019.001.0001
View in Google Scholar
Erdogan, V., & Yildirim, A. (2017). Healthcare professionals? exposure to mobbing behaviors and relation of mobbing with job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Procedia Computer Science, 120, 931-938. doi: 10.1016/j.procs. 2017.11.328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.11.328
View in Google Scholar
Escartin, J., Zapf, D., Arrieta, C., & Rodríguez?Carballeira, A. (2011). Workers' perception of workplace bullying: a cross?cultural study. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(2), 178-205. doi: 10.1080/135943209 03395652. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320903395652
View in Google Scholar
European Central Bank. Statistical Data Warehouse. Retrieved form https://sdw. ecb.europa.eu/quickview.do?SERIES_KEY=132.STS.M.PL.S.UNEH.RTT000.4.000 (08.07.2020).
View in Google Scholar
Eurostat. Real GDP growth rate ? volume. Retrieved form https://ec.europa .eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tec00115/default/table?lang=en (08.07.2020).
View in Google Scholar
Fenwick, T., & Bierema, L. (2008). Corporate social responsibility: issues for human resource development professionals. International Journal of Training and Development, 12(1), 24-35. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2419.2007.00293.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2419.2007.00293.x
View in Google Scholar
Friedman, R., Chi, S., & Liu, L. (2006). An expectancy model of Chinese?American differences in conflict?avoiding. Journal of International Business Studies, 37, 76-91. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400172
View in Google Scholar
Garavan, T. N., Heraty, N., Rock, A., & Dalton, E. (2010). Conceptualizing the behavioral barriers to CSR and CS in organizations: a typology of HRD interventions. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 12(5), 587-613. doi: 10.1177/1523422310394779. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422310394779
View in Google Scholar
Garriga, E., & Mele, D. (2004). Corporate social responsibility theories: mapping the territory. Journal of Business Ethics, 53, 51-71. doi: 10.1023/B:BUSI.00000 39399.90587.34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000039399.90587.34
View in Google Scholar
Geiger, M. A., Cooper, E. A., Hussain, I., O'Connell, B., Power, D. J., Raghunandan, K., Rama, D. V., & Sanchez, G. (1998). Using expectancy theory to assess student motivation: an international replication. Issues in Accounting Education, 13(1), 139-156.
View in Google Scholar
Gharleghi, B., Jahanshahi, A. A., & Nawaser, K. (2018). The outcomes of corporate social responsibility to employees: empirical evidence from a developing country. Sustainability, 10(3), 1-15. doi: 10.3390/su10030698. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030698
View in Google Scholar
Gkorezis, P., & Petridou, E. (2017). Corporate social responsibility and pro?environmental behaviour: organisational identification as a mediator. European Journal of International Management, 11(1), 1-18. doi: 10.1504/EJIM.2017. 081248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2017.10001677
View in Google Scholar
Greblikaite, J., Sroka, W. & Gerulaitiene, N. (2016). Involving young people in Polish and Lithuanian social enterprises by fostering entrepreneurial skills and abilities as entrepreneurial opportunity at university. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 4(3), 131-152. doi: 10.15678/EBER.2016.040310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2016.040310
View in Google Scholar
Groucutt, Ch., Vochozka, M., Kral, P., & Sroka, W. (2018). The metoo social media campaign, sexualized forms of male control, and the failure of current law to curb gendered harassment and misconduct in the workplace. Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice, 10(2), 86-92. doi: 10.22381/CRLS J10220188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22381/CRLSJ10220188
View in Google Scholar
Groutsis, D., Vassilopoulou, J., Kyriakidou, O., & Özbilgin, M. F. (2020). The ?new? migration for work phenomenon: the pursuit of emancipation and recognition in the context of work. Work, Employment and Society, 34(5), 864-882. doi: 10.1177/0950017019872651. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017019872651
View in Google Scholar
Hollis, L. P. (2015). Bully university? The cost of workplace bullying and employee disengagement in American higher education. SAGE Open, 5(2), 1-11. doi: 10.1177/2158244015589997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015589997
View in Google Scholar
Horvat, B. K., & Pagon, M. (2012). Attitudes toward workplace mobbing in Slovenian research organisations. Organizacija, 45(4), 159-173. doi: 10.2478/v100 51-012-0018-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10051-012-0018-0
View in Google Scholar
Hosmer, L. T., & Kiewitz, C. (2005). Organizational justice: a behavioral science concept with critical implications for business ethics and stakeholder theory. Business Ethics Quarterly, 15(1), 67-91. doi: 10.5840/beq20051513. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/beq20051513
View in Google Scholar
Hsieh, Y., Wang, H., & Ma, S. (2019). The mediating role of self?efficacy in the relationship between workplace bullying, mental health and an intention to leave among nurses in Taiwan. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 32(2), 245-254. doi: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01322
View in Google Scholar
Jacobson, K. J. L., Hood, J. N., & Van Buren, III H. J. (2013). Workplace bullying across cultures: a research agenda. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 14(1), 47-65. doi: 10.1177%2F1470595813494192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595813494192
View in Google Scholar
Kalanta, M. (2020). The weakness of social dialogue in the Baltic countries: an employer-centric political economy perspective. European Journal of Industrial Relations, 26(3), 227-242. doi: 10.1177/0959680119838933. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680119838933
View in Google Scholar
Katrinli, A., Atabay, G., Gunay, G., &Cangarli, B. G. (2010). Nurses? perceptions of individual and organizational political reasons for horizontal peer bullying. Nursing Ethics, 17(5), 614-627. doi: 10.1177/0969733010368748. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733010368748
View in Google Scholar
Kim, M.-J.,& Kim, B.-J. (2020). Analysis of the importance of job insecurity, psychological safety and job satisfaction in the CSR?performance link. Sustainability, 12(9), 3514. doi: 10.3390/su12093514. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093514
View in Google Scholar
Kinnunen, U., Mauno, S., & Siltaloppi, M. (2010). Job insecurity, recovery and well-being at work: recovery experiences as moderators. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 31(2), 179-194. doi: 10.1177/0143831X09358366. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X09358366
View in Google Scholar
Kliestikova, J., & Janoskova, K. (2017). Branding with understanding: how national profile of consumer influences brand value perception. Marketing and Management of Innovations, 3, 149-157. doi: 10.21272/mmi.2017.3?14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2017.3-14
View in Google Scholar
Klug, K., Bernhard-Oettel, C., Mäkikangas, A., Kinnunen, U., & Sverke, M. (2019). Development of perceived job insecurity among young workers: a latent class growth analysis. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 92, 901-918. doi: 10.1007/s00420-019-01429-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-019-01429-0
View in Google Scholar
Kovacic, A., Podgornik, N., Pristov, Z., & Raspor, A. (2017). Mobbing in a non?profit organisation. Organizacija, 50(2), 178-186. doi: 10.1515/orga-2017-0012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/orga-2017-0012
View in Google Scholar
Lan, Y.-L., Huang, W.-T., Kao, C.-L., & Wanhg, H.-J. (2019). The relationship between organizational climate, job stress, workplace burnout, and retention of pharmacists. Journal of Occupational Health, 62(1), 1-9. doi: 10.1002/1348-9585.12079. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1348-9585.12079
View in Google Scholar
Lapshyna, I., & Düvell, F. (2015). Migration, life satisfaction, return and development: the case of a deprived post-Soviet country (Ukraine). Migration and Development, 4(2), 291-310. doi: 10.1080/21632324.2015.1022084. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2015.1022084
View in Google Scholar
Laschinger, H. K., & Fida, R. (2014). A time?lagged analysis of the effect of authentic leadership on workplace bullying, burnout, and occupational turnover intentions. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(5), 739-753. doi: 10.1080/1359432X.2013.804646. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2013.804646
View in Google Scholar
Lee, Y. (2020). Toward a communality with employees: the role of CSR types and internal reputation. Corporate Reputation Review, 23, 13-23. doi: 10.1057/s 41299-019-00069-x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41299-019-00069-x
View in Google Scholar
Lee, Y-K., Kim, Y. S., Lee, K. H., & Li, D. (2012). The impact of CSR on relationship quality and relationship outcomes: a perspective of service employees. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(3), 745-756. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.09.011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.09.011
View in Google Scholar
Leymann, H. (1990). Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces. Violence and Victims, 5(2), 119-126. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.5.2.119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.5.2.119
View in Google Scholar
Leymann, H. (1993). Mobbing: Psychoterror am Arbeitsplatz und wie man sich dagegen wehren kann. Reinbek: Rowohlt Verlag.
View in Google Scholar
Leymann, H. (1996). The content and development of mobbing at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 165-184. doi: 10.1080 /13594329608414853. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13594329608414853
View in Google Scholar
Leon-Perez, J. M., Notelaers, G., Arenas, A., Munduate, L., & Medina, F. J. (2013). Identifying victims of workplace bullying by integrating traditional estimation approaches into a latent class cluster model. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(7), 1155-1177. doi: 10.1177/0886260513506280. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513506280
View in Google Scholar
Lever, I., Dyball, D., Greenberg, N., & Stevelink, S. A. M. (2019). Health consequences of bullying in the healthcare workplace: a systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 75(12), 3195-3209. doi: 10.1111/jan.13986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13986
View in Google Scholar
Lewicka-Strzalecka, A. (2006). Opportunities and limitations of CSR in the postcommunist countries: Polish case. Corporate Governance, 6(4), 440-448. doi: 10.1108/14720700610689559. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/14720700610689559
View in Google Scholar
Lin, C., Tsai, Y., Joe, S., & Chiu, C. (2012). Modeling the relationship among perceived corporate citizenship, firms? attractiveness, and career success expectation. Journal of Business Ethics, 105, 83-93. doi: 10.1007/s10551-011-0949-z. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0949-z
View in Google Scholar
Lin-Hi, N., Hörisch, J., & Blumberg, I. (2015). Does CSR matter for nonprofit organizations? Testing the link between csr performance and trustworthiness in the nonprofit versus for?profit domain. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 26, 1944-1974. doi: 10.1007/s11266-014-9506-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-014-9506-6
View in Google Scholar
Liu, M. T., Liu, Y., Mo, Z., Zhao, Z., & Zhu, Z. (2019). How CSR influences customer behavioural loyalty in the Chinese hotel industry. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 32(1), 1-22. doi: 10.1108/APJML-04-2018-0160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-04-2018-0160
View in Google Scholar
Lopez-Cabarcos, M. A., Vazquez?Rodriguez, P., & Pineiro?Chousa, J. R. (2016). Combined antecedents of prison employees? affective commitment using fsQCA. Journal of Business Research, 69(11), 5534-5539. doi: 10.1016/j. jbusres.2016.04.167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.167
View in Google Scholar
Lutgen-Sandvik, P. (2003). The communicative cycle of employee emotional abuse: generation and regeneration of workplace mistreatment. Management Communication Quarterly, 16(4), 471-501. doi: 10.1177%2F0893318903251 627. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318903251627
View in Google Scholar
Mai, Q. D., Hill, T. D., Vila?Henninger, L., & Grandner, M. A. (2018). Employment insecurity and sleep disturbance: evidence from 31 European countries. Journal of Sleep Research, 28(1), e12763. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12763. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12763
View in Google Scholar
Majeed, M., & Naseer, S. (2019). Is workplace bullying always perceived harmful? The cognitive appraisal theory of stress perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1111/1744?7941.122 44.
View in Google Scholar
Majerova, J. (2015). Analysis of Slovak consumer's perception of the green marketing activities. Procedia Economics and Finance, 26, 553-560. doi: 10.1016/ S2212-5671(15)00954-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00954-5
View in Google Scholar
Majerova, J., Krizanova, A., & Nadanyiova, M. (2015). Game theory in the concept of corporate social responsibility ? is altruism a cause or a consequence of CSR? Advances in Educcation Research, 80, 351-356.
View in Google Scholar
Mardanov, I., & Cherry, J. (2018). Linkages among workplace negative behavioral incidents. Evidence?based HRM, 6(2), 221-240. doi: 10.1108/EBHRM-01-2018-0006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EBHRM-01-2018-0006
View in Google Scholar
McGinley, S., & Mattila, A. S. (2020). Overcoming job insecurity: examining grit as a predictor. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 61(2), 199-212. doi: 10.1177/ 1938965519877805. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965519877805
View in Google Scholar
McShane, L., & Cunningham, P. (2012). To thine own self be true? Employees? judgments of the authenticity of their organization?s corporate social responsibility program. Journal of Business Ethics, 108, 81-100. doi: 10.1007/s10551-011-1064-x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1064-x
View in Google Scholar
McWilliams, A., & Siegel, D. S. (2001). Corporate social responsibility: a theory of the firm perspective. Academy of Management Review, 26, 117-127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2001.4011987
View in Google Scholar
Meriläinen, M., Käyhkö, K., K?iv, K., & Sinkkonen, H.-M. (2019a). Academic bullying among faculty personnel in Estonia and Finland. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 41(3), 241-261. doi: 10.1080/1360080X. 2019.1591678. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2019.1591678
View in Google Scholar
Meriläinen, M., Nissinen, P., & K?iv, K. (2019b). Intention to leave among bullied university personnel. International Journal of Educational Management, 33(7), 1686-1704. doi: 10.1108/IJEM-01-2018-0038. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-01-2018-0038
View in Google Scholar
Minárová, M., Benčiková, D., Malá, D., & Smutný, F. (2020). Mobbing in a workplace and its negatyve influence on building quality culture. In Globalization and its socio?economic consequences. SHS Web of Conferences. doi: 10.1051/ shsconf/20207405014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207405014
View in Google Scholar
Montero, M. J., Araquea, R. A., & Rey, J. M. (2009). Occupational health and safety in the framework of corporate social responsibility. Safety Science, 47(10), 1440-1445. doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2009.03.002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2009.03.002
View in Google Scholar
Morsing, M., Schultz, M., & Nielsen, K. U. (2008). The ?Catch 22? of communicating CSR: findings from a Danish study. Journal of Marketing Communications, 14(2), 97-111. doi: 10.1080/13527260701856608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13527260701856608
View in Google Scholar
Mueller, K., Hattrup, K., Spiess, S.-O., & Lin-Hi, N. (2012). The effects of corporate social responsibility on employees' affective commitment: a cross-cultural investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(6), 1186-1200. doi: 10.1037/ a0030204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030204
View in Google Scholar
Müller, O. (2011). Secularization, individualization, or (re)vitalization? The state and development of churchliness and religiosity in post-communist Central and Eastern Europe. Religion and Society in Central and Eastern Europe, 4(1), 21-37.
View in Google Scholar
Mussagulova, A., van der Wal, Z., & Chen, C. A. (2019). What is wrong with job security? Public Administration and Development, 39(3), 121-132. doi: 10.10 02/pad.1863. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1863
View in Google Scholar
Näswall, K., & De Witte, H. (2003). Who feels insecure in Europe? Predicting job insecurity from background variables. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 24(2), 189-215. doi: 10.1177/0143831X03024002003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X03024002003
View in Google Scholar
Ndjama, J. D. N., Joubert, P. A., & Dhurup, M. (2017). Effects of corporate social responsibility on organisational commitment and intention to stay in a telecommunication company. Journal of Social Sciences, 52(1-3), 47-57. doi: 10.1080/09718923.2017.1335678. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2017.1335678
View in Google Scholar
Notelaers, G. (2010). Workplace bullying a risk control perspective. A doctoral dissertation. University of Bergen.
View in Google Scholar
Ovayolu, Ö., Ovayolu, N., & Karadag, G. (2014). Workplace bullying in nursing. Workplace Health and Safety, 62(9), 370-374. doi:10.3928/21650799-201408 04-04. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3928/21650799-20140804-04
View in Google Scholar
Paul, G. D., & Kee, D. M. H. (2020). Workplace bullying, and turnover intention: the role of work engagement. Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques, 8(1), 23-27.
View in Google Scholar
Pawlewicz, K., Senetra, A., Gwiaździńska-Goraj, M., & Krupickaite, D. (2020). Differences in the environmental, social and economic development of Polish?Lithuanian trans-border regions. Social Indicators Research, 147, 1015-1038. doi: 10.1007/s11205-019-02179-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02179-9
View in Google Scholar
Power, J. L., Brotheridge, C. M., Blenkinsopp, J., Bowes?Sperry, L., Bozionelos, N., Buzády, Z., Chuang, A., Drnevich, D., Garzon?Vico, A., Leighton, C., Madero, S.M., Mak, W., Mathew, R., Iné, M.S. I., Mujtaba, B.G., Olivas?Lujan, M.R., Polycroniou, P., Sprigg, C. A., & Nnedummt, A. U. O. (2013). Acceptability of workplace bullying: a comparative study on six continents. Journal of Business Research, 66(3), 374-380. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2011. 08.018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.08.018
View in Google Scholar
Queirós, A., Faria, D., & Almeida, F. (2017). Strengths and limitations of qualitative and quantitative research methods. European Journal of Education Studies, 3(9), 369-386. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.887089.
View in Google Scholar
Ram, Y. (2018). Hostility or hospitality? A review on violence, bullying and sexual harassment in the tourism and hospitality industry. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(7), 760-774. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2015.1064364. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1064364
View in Google Scholar
Rasool, S. F., Wang, M., Zhang, Y., & Samma, M. (2020). Sustainable work performance: the roles of workplace violence and occupational stress. International Journal of Environment Reseatch and Public Health, 17(3), 912. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17030912. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030912
View in Google Scholar
Reiter, H. (2010). ?In my opinion, work would be in first place and family in second?: young women's imagined gender?work relations in post-Soviet Lithuania. Journal of Baltic Studies, 41(4), 531-551. doi: 10.1080/01629778.2010.527139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2010.527139
View in Google Scholar
Samani, A.-K., & Singh, P. (2014). Performance?enhancing compensation practices and employee productivity: the role of workplace bullying. Human Resource Management Review, 24(1), 5-16. doi: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2013.08.013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2013.08.013
View in Google Scholar
Samanta, I. (2013). The effect of corporate social responsibility on employees' behaviour. International Journal of Strategic Information Technology and Applications, 4(3), 103-112. doi: 10.4018/ijsita.2013070105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/ijsita.2013070105
View in Google Scholar
Schwartz, M. S., & Carroll, A. B. (2003). Corporate social responsibility: a three?domain approach. Business Ethics Quarterly, 13(4), 503-530. doi: 10.5840/ beq200313435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/beq200313435
View in Google Scholar
Schwarze, J. (1992). Grundlagen der Statistik I, Beschreibende Verfahren. Herne/Berlin: Verlag Neue Wirtschafts-Briefe.
View in Google Scholar
Shallcross, L., Ramsay, S., & Barker, M. (2010). A proactive response to the mobbing problem: a guide for HR managers. New Zealand Journal of Human Resources Management, 10(1), 27-37.
View in Google Scholar
Shim, M. (2010). Factors influencing child welfare employee's turnover: focusing on organizational culture and climate. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(6), 847-856. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.02.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.02.004
View in Google Scholar
Sieminski, M., & Krukowski, K. (2018). Cultural conditions for giving strategic measures of the CSR concepts within the organization. In Innovation management and education excellence through vision 2020. IBIMA, 3328-3337.
View in Google Scholar
Skogstad, A., Torsheim, T., Einarsen, S., & Hauge, L. J. (2011). Testing the work environment hypothesis of bullying on a group level of analysis: psychosocial factors as precursors of observed workplace bullying. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 60(3), 475-495. doi: 10.1111/j.1464?0597.2011.00444.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00444.x
View in Google Scholar
Soljan, I., Josipovic-Jelic, Z., & Kis, A. J. (2008). Workplace mobbing. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 59(1), 37-42. doi: 10.2478/10004?1254?59?2008?1857. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-59-2008-1857
View in Google Scholar
Spector, P. E., Zhou, Z. E., & Che, X. X. (2014). Nurse exposure to physical and nonphysical violence, bullying, and sexual harassment: a quantitative review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 51(1), 72-84. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu .2013.01.010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.01.010
View in Google Scholar
Subba, D., & Kumar, S. (2018). Employees? responses to corporate social responsibility: a study among the employees of banking industry in India. Decision, 45, 301-312. doi: 10.1007/s40622-018-0194-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40622-018-0194-8
View in Google Scholar
Supartha, W. G. (2019). Effect of job stress, emotional weakness and job satisfaction on intention to leave. International Research Journal of Management, IT and Social Sciences, 6(4), 97-106. doi: 10.21744/irjmis.v6n4.662. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21744/irjmis.v6n4.662
View in Google Scholar
Sverke, M., L?stad, L., Hellgren, J. Richter, A., & Näswall, K. A. (2019). Meta-analysis of job insecurity and employee performance: testing temporal aspects, rating source, welfare regime, and union density as moderators. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(14), 2536. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16142536. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142536
View in Google Scholar
Terzioglu, F., Temel, S., & Sahan, F. U. (2016). Factors affecting performance and productivity of nurses: professional attitude, organisational justice, organisational culture and mobbing. Nursing Management, 24(6), 735-744. doi: 10.111 1/jonm.12377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12377
View in Google Scholar
Tetrevova, L. (2018). Communicating CSR in high profile industries: case study of Czech chemical industry. Inzinerine Ekonomika?Engineering Economics, 29(4), 478-487. doi: 10.5755/j01.ee.29.4.191994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.29.4.19199
View in Google Scholar
The Official Statistics Portal. Labour market in Lithuania. Retrieved form https://osp.stat.gov.lt/darbo-rinka-lietuvoje-2020/uzimtumas-nedarbas-ir-laisvo s-darbo-vietos/nedarbas (07.07.020)
View in Google Scholar
Tiron-Tudor, A., Nistor, C. S., ?tefănescu, C. A., & Zanellato, G. (2019). Encompassing non-financial reporting in a coercive framework for enhancing social responsibility: Romanian listed companies? case. Amfiteatru Economic, 21(52), 590-606. doi: 10.24818/EA/2019/52/590. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24818/EA/2019/52/590
View in Google Scholar
Tsai, Y., Lin, C., Hsu, Y., Liu, C., & Yen, P. (2016). Predicting job offer acceptance of professionals in Taiwan: the case of the technology industry. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 108, 95-101. doi: 10.1016/j.techfor e.2016.05.005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.05.005
View in Google Scholar
Tzafrir, S. S., & Hareli, S. (2009). Employees' emotional reactions to promotion decisions: the role of causal attributions and perceptions of justice. Career Development International, 14(4), 351-371. doi: 10.1108/13620430910979844. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430910979844
View in Google Scholar
Van de Vliert, E., Einarsen, S., & Nielsen, M. B. (2013): Are national levels of employee harassment cultural covariations of climato-economic conditions? Work & Stress: An International Journal of Work, Health & Organisations, 27(1), 106-122. doi: 10.1080/02678373.2013.760901. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2013.760901
View in Google Scholar
Vandekerckhove, W., & Commers, M. R. (2003). Downward workplace mobbing: a sign of the times? Journal of Business Ethics, 45, 41-50. doi: 10.1023/A:1024 168311652. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024168311652
View in Google Scholar
Vandenheede, H., Vikhireva, O., Pikhart, H., Kubinova, R., Malyutina, S., Pajak, A., Tamosiunas, A., Peasey, A., Simonova, G., Topor-Madry, R., Marmot, M., Bobak, M. (2014). Socioeconomic inequalities in all-cause mortality in the Czech Republic, Russia, Poland and Lithuania in the 2000s: findings from the HAPIEE study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 68(4), 297-303. doi: 10.1136/jech-2013-203057. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2013-203057
View in Google Scholar
Vander Elst, T., Baillien, E., De Cuyper, N., & De Witte, H. (2010). The role of organizational communication and participation in reducing job insecurity and its negative association with work-related well-being. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 31(2), 249-264. doi: 10.1177/0143831X09358372. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X09358372
View in Google Scholar
Vartia, M. A.-L. (2001). Consequences of workplace bullying with respect to the well?being of its targets and the observers of bullying. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 27(1), 63-69. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.588. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.588
View in Google Scholar
Villani, D., Rotasperti, C., Cipresso, P., Triberti, S., Carissoli, C., & Riva, G. (2017). Assessing the emotional state of job applicants through a virtual reality simulation: a psycho-physiological study. In K. Giokas, L. Bokor, & F. Hopfgartner (Eds). eHealth 360°. Lecture notes of the institute for computer sciences, social informatics and telecommunications engineering, vol 181. Springer, Cham. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-49655-916. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49655-9_16
View in Google Scholar
Vivilaki, V., Athanasiadou, C., Zemperligkou, E., Stamatopoulou, M., Springer, P., & Prezerakos, P. (2019). Psychometric properties of the Greek culture and climate scale for assessing the working conditions of midwives. Archives of Hellenic Medicine, 36(2), 212-217.
View in Google Scholar
Vveinhardt, J., & Andriukaitiene, R. (2015). Questionnaire verification of prevention of mobbing/bullying as a psychosocial stressor when implementing CSR. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 13(2), 57-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5430/bmr.v5n2p42
View in Google Scholar
Vveinhardt, J., & Sroka, W. (2020). Workplace mobbing in Polish and Lithuanian organisations with regard to Corporate Social Responsibility. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 2944. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17082944. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082944
View in Google Scholar
Vveinhardt, J., Andriukaitiene, R., & Vienazindiene, M. (2018). Harassment and bullying from the prospect of CSR: impact on the welfare perceived by employees. Transformations in Business and Economics, 17(2), 66-85.
View in Google Scholar
Vveinhardt, J., Grancay, M., & Andriukaitiene, R. (2017). Integrated actions for decrease and/or elimination of mobbing as a psychosocial stressor in the organisations accessing and implementing corporate social responsibility. Inzinerine Ekonomika?Engineering Economics, 28(4), 432-445. doi: 10.5755/j01.ee.28.4 .17911. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.28.4.17911
View in Google Scholar
White, A. (2016). Informal practices, unemployment, and migration in small-town Poland. East European Politics and Societies, 30(2), 404-422. doi: 10.1177/08 88325415602056. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325415602056
View in Google Scholar
Wilk, A. (2018). CSR as a source of good organizational practices in the prevention of mobbing. Marketing i Rynek, 11, 518-527.
View in Google Scholar
Yen, W.-S., Su, C.-J., Lan, Y.-F., Mazurek, M., Kosmaczewska, J., Švagždien?, B. & Cherenkov, V. (2020). Adolescents? use of influence tactics with parents in family travel decision making: a cross-societal comparison in Eastern Europe. Social Science Journal. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1080/03623319 .2020.1745519. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03623319.2020.1745519
View in Google Scholar
Yildirim, A., & Yildirim, D. (2006). Mobbing in the workplace by peers and managers: mobbing experienced by nurses working in healthcare facilities in Turkey and its effect on nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16(8), 1444-1453. doi: 10.1111/j.1365?2702.2006.01814.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01814.x
View in Google Scholar
Yildiz, S. M. (2018). An empirical analysis of the leader?member exchange and employee turnover intentions mediated by mobbing: evidence from sport organisations. Economic Research?Ekonomska Istraživanja, 31(1), 480-497. doi: 10.1080/1331677X.2018.1432374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2018.1432374
View in Google Scholar
Zacharová, I., & Bartošovič, I. (2016). Mobbing experienced by nurses in health care facilities. Clinical Social Work and Health Intervention, 7(2), 50-61. doi: 10.22359/cswhi_7_2_07. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22359/cswhi_7_2_07
View in Google Scholar
Zapf, D., & Kuhl, M. (2000). Mobbing am Arbeitsplatz: Ursachen und Auswirkungen. In B.Badura, M. Litsch, & C. Vetter (Eds.). Fehlzeiten?Report 1999. Psychische Belastung am Arbeitsplatz. Heidelberg: Springer?Verlag. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57161-9_6
View in Google Scholar
Zapf, D., Escartin, J., Scheppa?Lahyani, M., Einarsen, S. V., Hoel, H., & Vartia, M. (2020). Empirical findings on prevalence and risk groups of bullying in the workplace, 105?162. In S. V. Einatsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf & C. L. Cooper (Eds.). Bullying and harassment in the workplace. CRC Press, 105-162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429462528-5
View in Google Scholar
Zhang, K., Song, L., Hackett, R., & Bycio, P. (2006). Cultural boundary of expectancy theory?based performance management: a commentary on Denisi and Pritchard's performance improvement model. Management and Organization Review, 2(2), 279-294. doi: 10.1111/j.1740?8784.2006.00044.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2006.00044.x
View in Google Scholar
Zhao, Y., Qin, Y., Zhao, X., Wang, X., & Shi, L. (2020). Perception of corporate hypocrisy in China: the roles of corporate social responsibility implementation and communication. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(595). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg. 2020.00595. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00595
View in Google Scholar
Zulfiqar, S., Sadaf, R., Popp, J., Vveinhardt, J., & Mate, D. (2019). An examination of corporate social responsibility and employee behavior: the case of Pakistan. Sustainability, 11(13), 3515. doi: 10.3390/su11133515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133515
View in Google Scholar
Žukauskas, P., & Vveinhardt, J. (2011). Mobbing diagnosis instrument: stages of construction, structure and connectedness of criteria. Journal of Business and Economics Management, 12(2), 400-416. doi: 10.3846/16111699.2011.575193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2011.575193
View in Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Oeconomia Copernicana
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
