Is earnings management impacted by audit fees and auditor tenure? An analysis of the Big Four audit firms in the US market

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2023.027

Keywords:

earnings management, auditor tenure, auditor rotation, audit fees, Big Four

Abstract

Research background: Audits are intended to ensure the reliability of financial statements, as this is fundamental for different stakeholders. However, both auditor tenure and audit fees could affect the earnings management of companies. In 2014, the European Union established a mandatory audit firm rotation policy. In the United States, although there is still no mandatory regulation in this regard, there has been a large public debate over the advisability of this policy. Another unresolved controversy is whether audit fees determine audit quality.

Purpose of the article: The aim of this research is to study the effect of auditor tenure and audit fees on earnings management, i.e., to determine whether a longer-term relationship between the auditor and the audited company, as well as higher audit fees, reduce the audited company's earnings management, thereby making the financial statements more reliable for stakeholders and increasing the quality of the audit report. In addition, the Big Four auditing companies in the United States were analyzed in order to determine the influence of corporate culture.

Methods: A sample of companies listed in the S&P 500 stock market index was employed for the analysis, covering the years 2012 to 2021, resulting in a dataset comprising 3,010 observations. To examine the research hypotheses while mitigating the potential bias from omitted variables, a linear regression analysis was conducted using panel data with fixed effects regression. To enhance the robustness of the results, winsorized variables were also employed.

Findings & value added: Overall, the results confirm that the quality of financial statements improves as auditor tenure increases, and so implementing a mandatory auditor rotation may not be in a company’s best interests. The results also support the market segmentation theory, as higher audit fees are aligned with higher quality financial reporting. Furthermore, by analyzing the Big Four audit companies in the US, it is shown that the influence of audit fees and auditor tenure on earnings management also depends on the internal aspects of the particular audit firm, especially its ethical culture. In sum, US policymakers should neither set limits on audit fees nor enforce a mandatory audit firm rotation similar to that of the EU.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abu Afifa, M. M., Saleh, I., & Taqatqah, F. (2023). Mediating influence of earnings management in the nexus between audit quality and company value: New proof from Jordanian market. Accounting Research Journal, 36(2/3), 148–165.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ARJ-03-2021-0102
View in Google Scholar

Acar, M. (2023). Who affects whom? Impact of the national culture of international audit firms and their affiliates on the financial reporting quality of audit clients. Borsa Istanbul Review, 23(1), 113–135.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2022.09.011
View in Google Scholar

Akaike, H. (1974). A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19(6), 716–723.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705
View in Google Scholar

Al-Absy, M. S. M., Ku Ismail, K. N. I., & Chandren, S. (2019). Audit committee chairman characteristics and earnings management. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 11(4), 339–370.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-10-2018-0188
View in Google Scholar

Albaqali, Q., & Kukreja, G. (2017). The factors influencing auditor independence: The perceptions of auditors in Bahrain. Corporate Ownership and Control, 14(2), 369–382.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22495/cocv14i2c2p10
View in Google Scholar

Alberti, C. T., Bedard, J. C., Bik, O., & Vanstraelen, A. (2022). Audit firm culture: Recent developments and trends in the literature. European Accounting Review, 31(1), 59–109.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2020.1846574
View in Google Scholar

Alhadab, M. (2018). Abnormal audit fees and accrual and real earnings management: Evidence from UK. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 16(3), 395–416.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRA-07-2017-0050
View in Google Scholar

Ali, H., Amin, H. M. G., Mostafa, D., & Mohamed, E. K. A. (2022). Earnings management and investor protection during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from G-12 countries. Managerial Auditing Journal, 37(7), 775–797.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-07-2021-3232
View in Google Scholar

Asthana, S. C., & Boone, J. P. (2012). Abnormal audit fee and audit quality. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 31(3), 1–22.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-10294
View in Google Scholar

Bamahros, H. M., & Wan Hussin, W. N. (2015). Non-audit services, audit firm tenure and earnings management in Malaysia. Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance, 11(1), 145–168.
View in Google Scholar

Barrainkua, I., & Espinosa-Pike, M. (2018). The influence of auditors’ commitment to independence enforcement and firms’ ethical culture. In Auditors’ professional values and behaviour (pp. 17–52). Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S1574-076520180000021002
View in Google Scholar

Bauer, T. D. (2015). The effects of client identity strength and professional identity salience on auditor judgments. Accounting Review, 90(1), 95–114.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50863
View in Google Scholar

Bowen, R. M., Rajgopal, S., & Venkatachalam, M. (2008). Accounting discretion, corporate governance, and firm performance. Contemporary Accounting Research, 25(2), 351–405.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1506/car.25.2.3
View in Google Scholar

Carcello, J. V., & Nagy, A. L. (2004). Audit firm tenure and fraudulent financial reporting. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 23(2), 55–69.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2308/aud.2004.23.2.55
View in Google Scholar

Chang, H., Ho, L. C. J., Liu, Z., & Ouyang, B. (2021). Income smoothing and audit fees. Advances in Accounting, 54, 100547.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adiac.2021.100547
View in Google Scholar

Chang, K., Kim, Y. S., Li, Y., & Park, J. C. (2022a). Labor unions and real earnings management. Journal of Corporate Finance, 75, 102242.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2022.102242
View in Google Scholar

Chang, Y.-S., Liu, L.-L. (Sunny), & Forgione, D. A. (2022b). Financially distressed firms’ earnings management behavior: Does audit partners’ industry expertise matter? Asian Review of Accounting, 30(4), 616–644.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ARA-04-2022-0079
View in Google Scholar

Chi, W., Lisic, L. L., & Pevzner, M. (2011). Is enhanced audit quality associated with greater real earnings management? Accounting Horizons, 25(2), 315–335.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2308/acch-10025
View in Google Scholar

Choi, A., Lee, E. Y., Park, S., & Sohn, B. C. (2022a). The differential effect of accrual-based and real earnings management on audit fees: International evidence. Accounting and Business Research, 52(3), 254–290.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2021.1911779
View in Google Scholar

Choi, S. U., Lee, K. C., & Na, H. J. (2022b). Exploring the deep neural network model’s potential to estimate abnormal audit fees. Management Decision, 60(12), 3304–3323.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-07-2021-0954
View in Google Scholar

da Silva Flores, E., Sampaio, J. O., Beiruth, A. X., & Brugni, T. V. (2023). Earnings management during the COVID-19 crisis: Evidence from the Brazilian and American capital markets. Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies, 13(4), 760–783.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JAEE-10-2021-0317
View in Google Scholar

Davis, L. R., Soo, B. S., & Trompeter, G. M. (2009). Auditor tenure and the ability to meet or beat earnings forecasts. Contemporary Accounting Research, 26(2), 517–548.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1506/car.26.2.8
View in Google Scholar

Dechow, P., Ge, W., & Schrand, C. (2010). Understanding earnings quality: A review of the proxies, their determinants and their consequences. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50(2–3), 344–401.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2010.09.001
View in Google Scholar

Dechow, P. M., & Skinner, D. J. (2000). Earnings management: Reconciling the views of accounting academics, practitioners, and regulators. Accounting Horizons, 14(2), 235–250.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.2000.14.2.235
View in Google Scholar

Dechow, P. M., Sloan, R. G., & Sweeney, A. P. (1995). Detecting earnings management. Accounting Review, 193–225.
View in Google Scholar

Duong Thi, C. (2023). Audit quality, institutional environments, and earnings management: An empirical analysis of new listings. SAGE Open, 13(2), 1–22,

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231180672
View in Google Scholar

Durana, P., Michalkova, L., Privara, A., Marousek, J., & Tumpach, M. (2021). Does the life cycle affect earnings management and bankruptcy? Oeconomia Copernicana, 12(2), 425–461.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2021.015
View in Google Scholar

Elshafie, E. (2023). Critical audit matters: Litigation, quality and conservatism. Review of Accounting and Finance, 22(3), 294–328.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/RAF-05-2022-0147
View in Google Scholar

Eshleman, J. D., & Guo, P. (2014). Abnormal audit fees and audit quality: The importance of considering managerial incentives in tests of earnings management. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 33(1), 117–138.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-50560
View in Google Scholar

Firth, M. A., Rui, O. M., & Wu, X. (2012). Rotate back or not after mandatory audit partner rotation? Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 31(4), 356–373.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2012.05.002
View in Google Scholar

Gandía, J. L., & Huguet, D. (2018). Differences in audit pricing between voluntary and mandatory audits. Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración, 31(2), 336–359.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ARLA-01-2016-0007
View in Google Scholar

Gandía, J. L., & Huguet, D. (2021). Audit fees and earnings management: Differences based on the type of audit. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 34(1), 2628–2650.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2020.1836990
View in Google Scholar

Garcia-Blandon, J., Argiles, J. M., & Ravenda, D. (2020). On the relationship between audit tenure and fees paid to the audit firm and audit quality. Accounting in Europe, 17(1), 78–103.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17449480.2019.1669808
View in Google Scholar

Garcia‐Blandon, J., Argilés‐Bosch, J. M., & Ravenda, D. (2020). Audit firm tenure and audit quality: A cross‐European study. Journal of International Financial Management & Accounting, 31(1), 35–64.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jifm.12098
View in Google Scholar

Ghaemi Asl, M., & Ghasemi Doudkanlou, M. (2022). How do Islamic banks manage earnings? Application of various measurement models in the Iranian Islamic banking system. ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance, 14(3), 274–288.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIF-02-2021-0040
View in Google Scholar

Greiner, A., Kohlbeck, M. J., & Smith, T. J. (2017). The relationship between aggressive real earnings management and current and future audit fees. Auditng: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 36(1), 85–107.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-51516
View in Google Scholar

Hair, J., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106–121.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128
View in Google Scholar

Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification test in econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6), 1251–1271.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1913827
View in Google Scholar

Haque, F. (2017). The effects of board characteristics and sustainable compensation policy on carbon performance of UK firms. British Accounting Review, 49(3), 347–364.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2017.01.001
View in Google Scholar

Healy, P. M., & Wahlen, J. M. (1999). A review of the earnings management literature and its implications for standard setting. SSRN Electronic Journal, 13(4), 365–383.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.1999.13.4.365
View in Google Scholar

Hoang, H. V., Ha, S. T., Tran, M. L., & Nguyen, T. T. T. (2022). Is auditor tolerant of earnings management in socially responsible firms? Evidence from China. Asian Review of Accounting, 30(5), 669–690.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ARA-01-2022-0001
View in Google Scholar

Hossain, S., & Wang, J. J. (2022). Abnormal audit fees and audit quality: Australian evidence. Australian Journal of Management, 031289622210938.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/03128962221093831
View in Google Scholar

Hsu, A. W.-H., & Liao, C.-H. (2023). Auditor industry specialization and real earnings management. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 60(2), 607–641.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11156-022-01106-3
View in Google Scholar

Hudaib, M., & Haniffa, R. (2009). Exploring auditor independence: an interpretive approach. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 22(2), 221–246.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09513570910933951
View in Google Scholar

Jamal, K., & Sunder, S. (2011). Is mandated independence necessary for audit quality? Accounting, Organizations and Society, 36(4–5), 284–292.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2011.03.001
View in Google Scholar

Jones, J. (1991). Earnings management during import relief investigations. Journal of Accounting Research, 29(2), 193–228.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2491047
View in Google Scholar

Kaptein, M. (2008). Developing and testing a measure for the ethical culture of organizations: The corporate ethical virtues model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(7), 923–947.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.520
View in Google Scholar

Kuang, H., Li, H., Sherwood, M. G., & Whited, R. L. (2020). Mandatory audit partner rotations and audit quality in the United States. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 39(3), 161–184.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-18-152
View in Google Scholar

Kung, F., & Li Huang, C. (2013). Auditors' moral philosophies and ethical beliefs. Management Decision, 51(3), 479–500.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741311309616
View in Google Scholar

Kwon, S. Y., Na, K., & Park, J. (2019). The economic effects of IFRS adoption in Korea. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 26(4), 321–361.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2017.1298454
View in Google Scholar

Larcker, D. F., & Richardson, S. A. (2004). Fees paid to audit firms, accrual choices, and corporate governance. Journal of Accounting Research, 42(3), 625–658.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679X.2004.t01-1-00143.x
View in Google Scholar

Lassoued, N., & Khanchel, I. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on earnings management: An evidence from financial reporting in European firms. Global Business Review, 0(0), 1–25.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/09721509211053491
View in Google Scholar

Le, B., & Moore, P. H. (2023). The impact of audit quality on earnings management and cost of equity capital: Evidence from a developing market. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 21(3), 695–728.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRA-09-2021-0284
View in Google Scholar

León-Gómez, A., Santos-Jaén, J. M., Ruiz-Palomo, D., & Palacios-Manzano, M. (2022). Disentangling the impact of ICT adoption on SMEs performance: The mediating roles of corporate social responsibility and innovation. Oeconomia Copernicana, 13(3), 831–866.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2022.024
View in Google Scholar

Lin, H.-L., & Yen, A.-R. (2022). Auditor rotation, key audit matter disclosures, and financial reporting quality. Advances in Accounting, 57, 100594.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adiac.2022.100594
View in Google Scholar

Lohwasser, E., & Zhou, Y. (2023). Earnings management, auditor changes and ethics: Evidence from companies missing earnings expectations. Journal of Business Ethics. Advance online publication.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-023-05453-6
View in Google Scholar

Luo, L., Lan, Y., & Tang, Q. (2012). Corporate incentives to disclose carbon information: Evidence from the CDP Global 500 Report. Journal of International Financial Management & Accounting, 23(2), 93–120.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-646X.2012.01055.x
View in Google Scholar

Manry, D. L., Mock, T. J., & Turner, J. L. (2008). Does increased audit partner tenure reduce audit quality? Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 23(4), 553–572.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0148558X0802300406
View in Google Scholar

Marais, A., Vermaak, C., & Shewell, P. (2023). Predicting financial statement manipulation in South Africa: A comparison of the Beneish and Dechow models. Cogent Economics & Finance, 11(1), 1–33.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2023.2190215
View in Google Scholar

Martínez, A. L., & Moraes, A. (2017). Relationship between auditors’ fees and earnings management. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 57(2), 148–157.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0034-759020170204
View in Google Scholar

Nekhili, M., Javed, F., & Nagati, H. (2022). Audit partner gender, leadership and ethics: The case of earnings management. Journal of Business Ethics, 177(2), 233–260.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04757-9
View in Google Scholar

Ozili, P. K. (2023). The acceptable R-square in empirical modelling for social science research. In Social research methodology and publishing results: A guide to non-native English speakers (pp. 134–143). Pensilvania: IGI Global.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6859-3.ch009
View in Google Scholar

Palacios-Manzano, M., Gras-Gil, E., & Santos-Jaen, J. M. (2019). Corporate social responsibility and its effect on earnings management: An empirical research on Spanish firms. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 32(7–8), 921–937.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2019.1652586
View in Google Scholar

Pimentel, E., Lesage, C., & Ali, S. B. H. (2023). Auditor independence in Kinship economies: A MacIntyrian perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 183(2), 365–381.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05073-6
View in Google Scholar

Pinheiro de Sá, L., LIma Rodrigues, L., & Simeone Gomes, J. (2022). Strategic behavior and earnings management: Evidence from Europe. Review of Business Management, 23(4), 714–727.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7819/rbgn.v23i4.4129
View in Google Scholar

Puxty, A. G. (1993). The social & organizational context of management accounting. London Academic Press in association with The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants.
View in Google Scholar

Qader, K., & Cek, K. (2023). Analysis of the impact of external auditors’ autonomy on financial accounting information quality case study commercial banks in Northern Iraq. Sustainability, 15(12), 9578.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129578
View in Google Scholar

Ratner, B. (2009). The correlation coefficient: Its values range between +1/-1, or do they? Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 17(2), 139–142.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/jt.2009.5
View in Google Scholar

Reiter, S. A., & Williams, P. F. (2004). The philosophy and rhetoric of auditor independence concepts. Business Ethics Quarterly, 14(3), 355–376.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/beq200414329
View in Google Scholar

Salehi, M., Mousavi Shiri, M., & Hossini, S. Z. (2019). The relationship between managerial ability, earnings management and internal control quality on audit fees in Iran. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 69(4), 685–703.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-07-2018-0261
View in Google Scholar

Salehi, M., Zimon, G., Tarighi, H., & Gholamzadeh, J. (2022). The effect of mandatory audit firm rotation on earnings management and audit fees: Evidence from Iran. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(3), 102.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15030102
View in Google Scholar

Salem, R. I. A., Ghazwani, M., Gerged, A. M., & Whittington, M. (2023). Anti-corruption disclosure quality and earnings management in the United Kingdom: The role of audit quality. International Journal of Accounting & Information Management, 31(3), 528–563.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJAIM-02-2023-0035
View in Google Scholar

Santos-Jaén, J. M., León-Gómez, A., & Serrano-Madrid, J. (2021). The effect of corporate social responsibility on earnings management: Bibliometric review. International Journal of Financial Studies, 9(4), 68.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs9040068
View in Google Scholar

Schelleman, C., & Knechel, W. R. (2010). Short-term accruals and the pricing and production of audit services. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 29(1), 221–250.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2308/aud.2010.29.1.221
View in Google Scholar

Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. Annals of Statistics, 6(2), 461–464.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176344136
View in Google Scholar

de Souza, P. V., de Souza Gonçalves, R. & Tibúrcio Silva, C. (2022). Impact of IFRS 15 on the quality of accruals and earnings managmenet of Brazilian publicly held companies. Revista Brasileira de Gestào de Negócios, 24(4), 675–691.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7819/rbgn.v24i4.4197
View in Google Scholar

Sundkvist, C. H. & Stenheim, T. (2023). Does familily identity matter for earnings management? Evidence from private familiy firms. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 24(4), 635–654.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-02-2022-0040
View in Google Scholar

Svanberg, J., & Öhman, P. (2016). Does ethical culture in audit firms support auditor objectivity? Accounting in Europe, 13(1), 65–79.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17449480.2016.1164324
View in Google Scholar

Teixeira, J. F., & Rodrigues, L. L. (2022). Earnings management: A bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Accounting & Information Management, 30(5), 664–683.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJAIM-12-2021-0259
View in Google Scholar

Tepalagul, N., & Lin, L. (2015). Auditor independence and audit quality. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 30(1), 101–121.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0148558X14544505
View in Google Scholar

Tran, T. T. G., Nguyen, T. T., Pham, B. T. N., & Tran, P. T. T. (2023). Audit partner tenure and earnings management: Evidence from Vietnam. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting. Advance online publication.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRA-07-2022-0258
View in Google Scholar

Treviño, L. K., Butterfield, K. D., & McCabe, D. L. (2001). The ethical context in organizations: Influences on employee attitudes and behaviors. In The next phase of business ethics: Integrating psychology and ethics (Research in ethical issues in organizations, Vol. 3) (pp. 301–337). Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1529-2096(01)03018-8
View in Google Scholar

Usman, M., Ezeani, E., Salem, R. I. A., & Song, X. (2022). The impact of audit characteristics, audit fees on classification shifting: Evidence from Germany. International Journal of Accounting & Information Management, 30(3), 408–426.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJAIM-12-2021-0252
View in Google Scholar

Valaskova, K., Adamko, P., Michalikova, K. F., & Macek, J. (2021). Quo Vadis, earnings management? Analysis of manipulation determinants in Central European environment. Oeconomia Copernicana, 12(3), 631–669.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2021.021
View in Google Scholar

Valls Martínez, M. C., Martín Cervantes, P. A., & Miralles Quirós, M. M. (2022a). Sustainable development and the limits of gender policies on corporate boards in Europe. A comparative analysis between developed and emerging markets. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 28(1), 1–15.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2021.100168
View in Google Scholar

Valls Martínez, M. C., Santos Jaén, J. M., Soriano Román, R., & Martín Cervantes, P. A. (2022b). Are gender and cultural diversities on board related to corporate CO2 emissions? Journal of Cleaner Production, 363, 1–17.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132638
View in Google Scholar

Valls Martínez, M. C., Soriano Román, R., & Martín Cervantes, P. A. (2022). Should risk-averse investors target the portfolios of socially responsible companies? Oeconomia Copernicana, 13(2), 1–36.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2022.014
View in Google Scholar

Wang, X., Cao, F., & Ye, K. (2018). Mandatory corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting and financial reporting quality: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural experiment. Journal of Business Ethics, 152(1), 253–274.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3296-2
View in Google Scholar

Zgarni, I., Hliou, K., & Zehri, F. (2016). Effective audit committee, audit quality and earnings management. Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies, 6(2), 138–155.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JAEE-09-2013-0048
View in Google Scholar

Zhang, Y., & Wei, L. (2022). Philanthropy, audit firms culture and auditor independence. Plos One, 17(11), e0277567.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277567
View in Google Scholar

Downloads

Published

2023-09-30 — Updated on 2023-10-28

Versions

How to Cite

Santos-Jaén, J. M., Martín de Almagro-Vázquez, G., & Valls Martínez, M. del C. (2023). Is earnings management impacted by audit fees and auditor tenure? An analysis of the Big Four audit firms in the US market. Oeconomia Copernicana, 14(3), 899–934. https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2023.027 (Original work published September 30, 2023)

Issue

Section

Articles

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Similar Articles

<< < 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.