Meeting the European green deal objective of expanding organic farming

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24136/eq.2022.021

Keywords:

European Green Deal, green growth, organic farming, sustainable food system, Green Public Procurement

Abstract

Research background: Economic growth is unsustainable. However, a circular economy has the potential to lead to sustainable development, while decoupling economic growth from the negative consequences of resource depletion and environmental degradation. The EU's strategy of climate neutralization in 2050 developed, inter alia, into a European Green Deal action plan aiming at the efficient use of resources by moving to a cleaner, circular economy. More sustainable EU food system is a cornerstone of the European Green Deal. The European Commission's goal is 25% of agricultural land to be used for organic production in 2030. The question is if it is possible to reach the objective with the use of current incentives. What else may be done to encourage European farmers to convert to organic farming?

Purpose of the article: The aim of this research is to review the development of organic agriculture in Europe and the EU and to identify incentives for farmers to convert to organic farming.

Methods: First of all, the methodological approach is to iteratively review the existing literature to frame the problem. Secondly, the data on organic agriculture in Europe is to be analyzed to answer the research questions. The analysis is based on international statistics, mainly collected by FiBL, IFOAM, EC Agri-food data portal and Eurostat..Fitting the trend functions to the actual data has been made in three scenarios (pessimistic, realistic and optimistic). These trend functions were used for the long-term forecasts of the share of organic farmland in the EU.

Findings & value added: The long-run forecast might be treated as a goal, which can motivate to act more intensively to achieve the objective. The existing measures, including organic farming payments, are not sufficient to meet the goal of massive increase in the acreage under organic production. It is necessary to develop new incentives e.g. Green Public Procurement, innovative and effective media campaigns, development of a dynamic network of actors within the organic food supply chain with the use of blockchain technology.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aczel, A. D., & Sounderpandian, J. (2008). Complete business statistics. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
View in Google Scholar

Aghasafari, H., Karbasi, A., Mohammadi, H., & Calisti, R. (2020). Determination of the best strategies for development of organic farming: a SWOT ? fuzzy analytic network process approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 277, 124039. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124039.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124039
View in Google Scholar

Agri-food data portal: European Commission (2020). CAP indicators. Organic production. Retrieved from https://agridata.ec.europa.eu/extensions/Dashbo ardIndicators/OrganicProduction.html?select=EU27_FLAG,1 (12.10.2020).
View in Google Scholar

Ali, R., Ishaq, R., Bakhsh, K., & Yasin, M. A. (2022). Do agriculture technologies influence carbon emissions in Pakistan? Evidence based on ARDL technique. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(28), 43361?43370. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-18264-x.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18264-x
View in Google Scholar

Allen, P. G. (1994). Economic forecasting in agriculture. International Journal of Forecasting, 10(1), 81?135. doi: 10.1016/0169-2070(94)90052-3.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-2070(94)90052-3
View in Google Scholar

Astill, J., Dara, R. D., Campbell, M., Farber, J. M., Fraser, E. D. G., Sharif, S., & Yada, R. Y. (2019). Transparency in food supply chains: a review of enabling technology solutions. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 91, 240?247. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.07.024.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.07.024
View in Google Scholar

Baralla, G., Ibba, S., Marchesi, M., Tonelli, R., & Missineo, S. (2018). A block-chain based system to ensure transparency and reliability in food supply chain. In Euro-Par 2018: parallel processing workshops. Euro-Par 2018. Lecture notes in computer science (pp. 379?391). Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-10549-5_30.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10549-5_30
View in Google Scholar

Barr, S. (2007). Factors influencing environmental attitudes and behaviours; a UK case study of household waste management. Environment and Behaviour, 39(4), 435?473. doi: 10.1177/0013916505283421.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916505283421
View in Google Scholar

Becchetti, L., Piscitelli, P., Distante, A., Miani, A., & Uricchio, A. F. (2021). European Green Deal as social vaccine to overcome COVID-19 health & eco-nomic crisis. Lancet Regional Health ? Europe, 2, 100032. doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2 021.100032.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100032
View in Google Scholar

Bouwer, M., Jonk, M., Berman, T., Bersani, R., Lusser, H., & Nappa, V. (2006). Green Public Procurement in Europe 2006: conclusions and recommendations. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/pdf/take_5.pdf (19.10.2020).
View in Google Scholar

Bryła, P. (2016). Organic food consumption in Poland: motives and barriers. Appetite, 105, 737?746. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.07.012.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.07.012
View in Google Scholar

Butler, P., & Keaveney, M. (2014). An analysis of the barriers to and drivers of Green Public Procurement in achieving a more sustainable construction indus-try. International Virtual Conference, University of Zilina, Slovakia. doi: 10.21427/kdwh-na85.
View in Google Scholar

Chersan, I. C., Dumitru, V. F., Gorgan, C., & Gorgan, V. (2020). Green Public Procurement in the academic literature. Amfiteatru Economic, 22(53), 82?101. doi: 10.24818/EA/2019/53/82.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24818/EA/2020/53/82
View in Google Scholar

Council Regulation (EEC) No 2078/92 of 30 June 1992 on agricultural production methods compatible with the requirements of the protection of the environ-ment and the maintenance of the countryside (OJ L 215/85, 30.7.1992).
View in Google Scholar

EC (2020a). A European Green Deal. Striving to be the first climate-neutral con-tinent. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/eur opean-green-deal_en#policy-areas (8.10.2020).
View in Google Scholar

EC (2020b). Benefits of GPP. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp /benefits_en.htm (19.10.2020).
View in Google Scholar

EC (2020c). European Green Deal: Commission prepares new initiatives to boost the organic farming sector. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/ presscorner/detail/en/IP_20_1548 (19.10.2020).
View in Google Scholar

EC (2020d). How the future CAP will contribute to the EU Green Deal. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/sustainability_a nd_natural_resources/documents/factsheet-how-cap-contributes-to-green-deal_ en.pdf
View in Google Scholar

EC (2020e). What is GPP. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/environment/gp p/what_en.htm (19.10.2020).
View in Google Scholar

EIT Food (2021). COVID-19 impact on consumer food behaviours in Europe Retrieved from https://www.eitfood.eu/media/news-pdf/COVID-19_Study_-_European_Food_Behaviours_-_Report.pdf. (30.07.2021).
View in Google Scholar

Eurostat (2020). Organic farming statistics. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Organic_farming_s tatistics#Total_organic_area (27.10.2020).
View in Google Scholar

FAO (2022). Organic agriculture FAQ. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/orga nicag/oa-faq/oa-faq1/en/ (22.02.2022).
View in Google Scholar

Feng, H., Wang, X., Duan, Y., Zhang, J., & Zhang, X. (2020). Applying block-chain technology to improve agri-food traceability: a review of development methods, benefits and challenges. Journal of Cleaner Production, 260, 121031. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121031

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121031
View in Google Scholar

FiBL Statistics (2020a). Organic area. Retrieved from https://statistics.fibl. org/europe/area-europe.html?tx_statisticdata_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=Element 2Item&cHash=72cfbc753cb538a4b246661c521cf598 (12.10.2020).
View in Google Scholar

FiBL Statistics (2020b). Organic retail sales. Retrieved from https://statistics.fibl. org/world/retail-sales-world.html (19.10.2020).
View in Google Scholar

Fromartz, S. (2007). Organic Inc: natural foods and how they grew. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Orlando, Florida.
View in Google Scholar

Goodland, R. (1995). The concept of environmental sustainability. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 26, 1?24. doi: 10.1146/annurev.es.26.110195.000 245.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.26.110195.000245
View in Google Scholar

Granger, C. W. J., & Jeon, Y. (2007). Long-term forecasting and evaluation. International Journal of Forecasting, 23(4), 539?551. doi: 10.1016/j.ijforecast. 2007.07.002.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2007.07.002
View in Google Scholar

Hansmann, R., Baur, I. P., & Binder, C. R. (2020). Increasing organic food con-sumption: an integrating model of drivers and barriers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 275, 123058. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123058.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123058
View in Google Scholar

Hickel, J., & Kallis, G. (2020). Is green growth possible? New Political Economy, 25(4), 469?486. doi: 10.1080/13563467.2019.1598964.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2019.1598964
View in Google Scholar

IFOAM (2020). How organic agriculture helps achieve sustainable development Goals. Retrieved from https://www.ifoam.bio/sites/default/files/2020-05/oasdg s_web.pdf (11.10.2020).
View in Google Scholar

Janssen, M., Chang, B. P. I., Hristov, H., Pravst, I., Profeta, A., & Millard, J. (2021). Changes in food consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic: analy-sis of consumer survey data from the first lockdown period in Denmark, Ger-many, and Slovenia. Frontiers in Nutrition, 60. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.635859.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.635859
View in Google Scholar

Jörgensen, C. (2012). M?l som styrmedel: m?let för den offentliga konsumtionen av ekologiska livsmedel. Lund: AgriFood Economics Centre.
View in Google Scholar

Jungbluth, N., Tietje, O., & Scholz, R. W. (2000). Food purchases: impacts from the consumers? point of view investigated with a modular LCA. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 5, 134?142. doi: 10.1007/BF02978609.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02978609
View in Google Scholar

Kahn, H., & Wiener, A.J. (1967). The year 2020 - A framework for speculation on the next thirty-three years. New York: MacMillan Company.
View in Google Scholar

Kowalska, A. (2010). Quality and competitiveness issues in organic agriculture. Warsaw: Difin SA.
View in Google Scholar

Kowalska, A. (2013). Trends in the organic market worldwide. Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists, 15(4), 218?223.
View in Google Scholar

Kowalska, A. (2019). Economic problems of food adulteration. Prevention measures. Lublin: Wydawnictwo UMCS.
View in Google Scholar

Kowalska, A., & Manning, L. (2020). Using the rapid alert system for food and feed: potential benefits and problems on data interpretation. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 61(6), 906?919. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1 747978.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1747978
View in Google Scholar

Kowalska, A., Ratajczyk, M., Manning, L., Bieniek, M., & Mącik, R. (2021). ?Young and green? a study of consumers? perceptions and reported purchasing behaviour towards organic food in Poland and the United Kingdom. Sustainability, 13(23), 13022. doi: 10.3390/su132313022.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313022
View in Google Scholar

Kriščiukaitien?, I., Šar?nas Eirošius, Š., & Virginia Namiotko, V. (2013). The evaluation of the determinants of adopting organic farming practices. Ekonomika ir vadyba: aktualijos ir perspektyvos, 2(30), 37?43.
View in Google Scholar

Laborde, D., Martin, W., Swinnen, J., & Vos, R. (2020). COVID-19 risks to global food security. Science, 369(6503), 500?502. doi: 10.1126/science.abc4765.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc4765
View in Google Scholar

Lernoud, J., & Willer, H. (Eds.). (2016). The world of organic agriculture. Statis-tics and emerging trends 2016. Bonn: Research Institute of Organic Agricul-ture (FiBL), Frick, and IFOAM ? Organics International.
View in Google Scholar

Liang, A. R.-D., & Lim, W.-M. (2020). Why do consumers buy organic food? Results from an S?O?R model. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 33(2), 394?415. doi: 10.1108/APJML-03-2019-0171.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-03-2019-0171
View in Google Scholar

Lindström, H., Lundberg, S., & Marklund, P-O. (2020). How Green Public Pro-curement can drive conversion of farmland: an empirical analysis of an organ-ic food policy. Ecological Economics, 172, 106622. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020. 106622.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106622
View in Google Scholar

Lorenz, K., & Lal, R. (2016). Environmental impact of organic agriculture. Advances in Agronomy, 139, 99?152. doi: 10.1016/bs.agron.2016.05.003.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2016.05.003
View in Google Scholar

Łuczka, W., & Kalinowski, S. (2020). Barriers to the development of organic farming: a Polish case study. Agriculture, 10(11), 536. doi: 10.3390/agriculture101 10536.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110536
View in Google Scholar

Lyu, F., & Choi, J. (2020). The forecasting sales volume and satisfaction of or-ganic products through text mining on web customer reviews. Sustainability, 12(11), 4383. doi: 10.3390/su12114383.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114383
View in Google Scholar

Manning, L., & Kowalska, A. (2021). Considering fraud vulnerability associated with credence-based products such as organic food. Foods, 10(8), 1879. doi: 10.3390/foods10081879.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081879
View in Google Scholar

McCarthy, B., & Liu, H-B. (2017). ?Waste not, want not? exploring green con-sumers? attitudes towards wasting edible food and actions to tackle food waste. British Food Journal, 119(12), 2519?2531. doi: 10.1108/BFJ-03-2017-0163.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-03-2017-0163
View in Google Scholar

Meier, M. S., Stoessel, F., Jungbluth, N., Juraske, R., Schader, Ch., & Stolze, M. (2015). Environmental impacts of organic and conventional agricultural prod-ucts ? are the differences captured by life cycle assessment? Journal of Environmental Management, 149, 193?208. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.10.0 06.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.10.006
View in Google Scholar

Melbye, E. L., Onozaka, Y., & Hansen, H. (2016). Throwing it all away: exploring affluent consumers' attitudes toward wasting edible food. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 23(4), 416?429. doi: 10.1080/10454446.2015.1048017.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10454446.2015.1048017
View in Google Scholar

Morseletto, P. (2020). Targets for a circular economy. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 153, 104553. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104553.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104553
View in Google Scholar

Mowlds, S. (2020). The EU?s farm to fork strategy: missing links to transfor-mation. Acta Innovations, 36, 17?30. doi: 10.32933/ActaInnovations.36.2.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32933/ActaInnovations.36.2
View in Google Scholar

Moore, A. D., & McCabe, G. P. (2006). Introduction to the practice of statistics. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
View in Google Scholar

Muller, D. S., Schader, C., El-Hage Scialabba, N., Brüggemann, J., Isensee, A., Erb, K-H., Smith, P., Klocke, P., Leiber, F., Stolze, M., & Niggli, U. (2017). Strategies for feeding the world more sustainably with organic agriculture. Nature Communications, 8(1), 1?13. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-01410-w.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01410-w
View in Google Scholar

Nuttavuthisit, K., & Th?gersen, J. (2017). The importance of consumer trust for the emergence of a market for green products: the case of organic food. Jour-nal of Business Ethics, 140(2), 323?337. doi: 10.1007/s10551-015-2690-5.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2690-5
View in Google Scholar

Ozturk, A., Cavusgil, S. T., & Ozturk, O. C. (2021). Consumption convergence across countries: measurement, antecedents, and consequences. Journal of International Business Studies, 52(1), 105?120. doi: 10.1057/s41267-020-0033 4-w.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-020-00334-w
View in Google Scholar

Pacheco-Blanco, B., & Bastante-Ceca, M. J. (2016). Green public procurement as an initiative for sustainable consumption. An exploratory study of Spanish public universities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 133, 648?656. doi: 10.1016/j.j clepro.2016.05.056.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.056
View in Google Scholar

Parfitt, J., Barthel, M., & Macnaughton, S. (2010). Food waste within food supply chains: quantification and potential for change to 2050. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 365(1554), 3065?3081. doi: 10.1098/rstb .2010.0126.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0126
View in Google Scholar

Pearson, S., May, D., Leontidis, G., Swainson, M., Brewer, S., Bidaut, L., Frey, J.G., Parr, G., Maull, R., & Zisman, A. (2019). Are Distributed Ledger Tech-nologies the panacea for food traceability? Global Food Security, 20, 145?149. doi: 10.1016/j.gfs.2019.02.002.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2019.02.002
View in Google Scholar

Pe'er, G., Bonn, A., Bruelheide, H., Dieker, P., Eisenhauer, N., Feindt, P., Hage-dorn,G., Hansjürgens, B., Herzon, I., Lomba, Â., Marquard, E., Moreira, F., Nitsch, H., Oppermann, R., Perino, A., Röder, N., Schleyer, C., Schindler, S., Wolf, C., Zinngrebe, Y., & Lakner, S. (2020). Action needed for the EU Common Agricultural Policy to address sustainability challenges. People and Nature, 2, 305?316. doi: 10.1002/pan3.10080.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10080
View in Google Scholar

Pe'er, G., Zinngrebe, Y., Moreira, F., Sirami, C., Schindler, S., Müller, R., Bontzorlos, V., Clough, D., Bezák, P., Bonn, A., Hansjürgens, B., Lomba, A., Möckel, S., Passoni, G., Schleyer, C., Schmidt, J., & Lakner, S. (2019). A greener path for the EU Common Agricultural Policy. Science, 365(6452), 449?451. doi: 10.1126/science.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax3146
View in Google Scholar

Potting, J., Hekkert, M., Worrell, E., & Hanemaaijer, A. (2017). Circular econo-my: measuring innovation in the product chain. PBL?Netherlands Environ-mental Assessment Agency.
View in Google Scholar

Prosser, L., Lane, E. T., & Jones, R. (2022). Collaboration for innovative routes to market: COVID-19 and the food system. Agricultural Systems, 188, 103038. doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2020.103038.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.103038
View in Google Scholar

RASFF (Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed) (2018). RASFF portal. Retrieved from https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/portal/?event=SearchForm&c leanSearch=1 (28.10.2020).
View in Google Scholar

Regulation (EU) 2018/848 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on organic production and labelling of organic products and repeal-ing Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 (OJ L 150, 14.6.2018, p. 1?9).
View in Google Scholar

Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2021). Environmental impacts of food production. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/environmental-impacts-of-food (22.02.2022).
View in Google Scholar

Sandberg, M., Klockars, K., & Wilén, K. (2019). Green growth or degrowth? Assessing the normative justifications for environmental sustainability and economic growth through critical social theory. Journal of Cleaner Produc-tion, 206, 133?141. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.175.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.175
View in Google Scholar

Seufert, V., Ramankutty, N., & Foley, J. A. (2012). Comparing the yields of or-ganic and conventional agriculture. Nature, 485(7397), 229?232. doi: 10.1038/na ture11069.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11069
View in Google Scholar

Seufert, V., Ramankutt, N., & Mayerhofer, T. (2017). What is this thing called organic? ? How organic farming is codified in regulations. Food Policy, 68, 10?20. doi: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.12.009.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.12.009
View in Google Scholar

Al-Sherbaz, A., Turner, S. J., Dohan, M., & Clarke, E. (2018). Blockchain: no thunder no wonder. Paper presented at British Computing Society (BCS) Northampton Talk. doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.5979625.v2
View in Google Scholar

Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Cornell, S. E., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E. M., Biggs, R., Carpenter, S. R., De Vries, W., De Wit, C. A., Folke, C., Gerten, D., Heinke, J., Mace, G. M., Persson, L. M., Ramanathan, V., Reyers, B., & Sorlin, S. (2015). Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing planet. Science, 347(6223), 1259855. doi: 10.1126/science.12598 55.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259855
View in Google Scholar

Teng, Ch-Ch., & Wang, Y-M. (2015). Decisional factors driving organic food consumption: generation of consumer purchase intentions. British Food Jour-nal, 117(3), 1066?1081. doi: 10.1108/BFJ-12-2013-0361.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-12-2013-0361
View in Google Scholar

Treu, H., Nordborg, M., Cederberg, Ch., Heuer, T., Claupein, E., Hoffmann, H., & Berndes, G. (2017). Carbon footprints and land use of conventional and organ-ic diets in Germany. Journal of Cleaner Production, 161, 127?142. doi: 10.1016/j .jclepro.2017.05.041.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.041
View in Google Scholar

Tuomisto, H., Hodge, I., Riordan, P., & Macdonald, D. (2012). Does organic farming reduce environmental impacts? - A meta-analysis of European re-search. Journal of Environmental Management, 112, 309?320. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman. 2012.08.018.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.018
View in Google Scholar

UNEP (2011). Decoupling natural resource use and environmental impacts from economic growth. United Nations.
View in Google Scholar

Willer, H., Schlatter, B., Trávníček, J., Kemper, L., & Lernoud, J. (Eds.) (2020). The world of organic agriculture. Statistics and emerging trends 2020. Bonn: Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, and IFOAM ? Organ-ics International.
View in Google Scholar

Willer, H., Trávníček, J., Meier, C., & Schlatter, B. (Eds.). (2021). The world of organic agriculture. Statistics and emerging trends 2021. Bonn: Research In-stitute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, and IFOAM ? Organics Interna-tional.
View in Google Scholar

Wojciechowska-Solis, J., Kowalska, A., Bieniek, M., Ratajczyk, M., & Manning L. (2022). Comparison of the purchasing behavior of Polish and United King-dom consumers in the organic food market during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1137. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19031137.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031137
View in Google Scholar

Zuba-Ciszewska, M., Kowalska, A., Manning, L., & Brodziak, A. (2019). Organic milk supply in Poland: market and policy developments. British Food Journal, 121(12), 3396?3412. doi: 10.1108/BFJ-11-2018-0750.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-11-2018-0750
View in Google Scholar

Downloads

Published

2022-09-30

How to Cite

Kowalska , A. ., & Bieniek, M. (2022). Meeting the European green deal objective of expanding organic farming. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 17(3), 607–633. https://doi.org/10.24136/eq.2022.021

Issue

Section

Articles

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.