Public service motivation and job satisfaction: The role of social support during crisis
Abstract
Research background: Different crises (COVID-19 pandemic, war, natural disasters etc.) usually require new ways for providing public services to the citizens and, from this, to reinterpret and adjust the role of the public servant as the strategic key for assuring the continuity of the governance at all levels.
Purpose of the article: The article establishes a relationship between the public service motivation dimension and job satisfaction aimed to analyze the mediating role of social support in a crisis.
Methods: The standardized questionnaires, i.e. The Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, Work Design Questionnaire, and Perry’s PSM scale, were used to observe variables in the research model. An exploratory factor analysis was used before hypothesis testing. We deployed a structural equation modelling (SEM), as a multivariate technique, to test and evaluate multivariate causal relationships between constructs.
Findings & value added: Based on a sample of selected Central and East European countries (namely Poland, Romania, and Serbia), the study confirms the significant impact of social support on the relationship between self-sacrifice and compassion, as a public service motivation dimension, and extrinsic job satisfaction and intrinsic job satisfaction. Social support received from colleagues and supervisor is identified as a powerful non-monetary means of neutralizing negative effects during crises and increasing job satisfaction.
Keywords
public service motivation, job satisfaction, social support, crises, organizational commitment
References
- Androniceanu, A., Sabie, O. M., & Pegulescu, A.-M. (2020). An integrated approach of the human resources motivation and the quality of health services. Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management, 15(1), 42–53.
View in Google Scholar - Ballart, X., & Rico, G. (2018). Public or nonprofit? Career preferences and dimensions of public service motivation. Public Administration, 96(2), 404–420. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12403
View in Google Scholar - Barbosa, C. E., de Lima, Y. O., Costa, L. F. C., dos Santos, H. S., Lyra, A., Lyra, M., da Silva, J. A., & de Souza, J. M. (2022). Future of work in 2050: Thinking beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Futures Research, 10, 25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40309-022-00210-w
View in Google Scholar - Bennedsen, M., Larsen, B., Schmutte, I. M., & Scur, D. (2023). The effect of preserving job matches during a crisis. Labour Economics, 84, 0240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102406
View in Google Scholar - Berber, N., Morley, M. J., Slavić, A., & Poór, J. (2017). Management compensation systems in Central and Eastern Europe: A comparative analysis. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(12), 1661–1689. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1277364
View in Google Scholar - Berber, N., & Lekovic, B. (2018). The impact of HR development on innovative performances in Central and Eastern European countries. Employee Relations, 40(5), 762–786. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-08-2017-0188
View in Google Scholar - Breaugh, J., Ritz, A., & Alfes, K. (2018). Work motivation and public service motivation: Disentangling varieties of motivation and job satisfaction. Public Management Review, 20(10), 1423–1443. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2017.1400580
View in Google Scholar - Brewer, G. A., & Selden, S. C. (1998). Whistle blowers in the federal civil service: New evidence of the public service ethic. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 8(3), 413–439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024390
View in Google Scholar - Bright, L. (2008). Does public service motivation really make a difference on the job satisfaction and turnover intentions of public employees? American Review of Public Administration, 38(2), 149–166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074008317248
View in Google Scholar - Bright, L. (2021). Does perceptions of organizational prestige mediate the relationship between public service motivation, job satisfaction, and the turnover intentions of federal employees? Public Personnel Management, 50(3), 408–429. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026020952818
View in Google Scholar - Button, L. (2008). Effect of social support and coping strategies on the relationship between health care related occupational stress and health. Journal of Research in Nursing, 13(6), 498–524. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987107087390
View in Google Scholar - Caillier, J. G. (2015). Towards a better understanding of public service motivation and mission valence in public agencies. Public Management Review, 17(9), 1217–1236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2014.895033
View in Google Scholar - Camilleri, E. (2007). Antecedents affecting public service motivation. Personnel Review, 36(3), 356–377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480710731329
View in Google Scholar - Centers, R., & Bugental, D. E. (1966). Intrinsic and extrinsic job motivations among different segments of the working population. Journal of Applied Psychology, 50(3), 193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0023420
View in Google Scholar - Chang, Y. C., Yeh, T. F., Lai, I. J., & Yang, C. C. (2021). Job competency and intention to stay among nursing assistants: the mediating effects of intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12), 6436. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126436
View in Google Scholar - Chanlat, J. F. (2003). Managerialism and the common interest: Work motivation management in the public service. In T. Duvillier, J.-L. Genard & A. Pireaux (Eds.). Work motivation in the public service (pp. 51–64). Paris: L’Harmattan.
View in Google Scholar - Clerkin, R. M., & Coggburn, J. D. (2012). The dimensions of public service motivation and sector work preferences. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 32(3), 209–235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X11433880
View in Google Scholar - Coffey, M., & Coleman, M. (2001). The relationship between support and stress in forensic community mental health nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 34(3), 397–407. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01770.x
View in Google Scholar - Dabić, M., Stojčić, N., Simić, M., Potocan, V., Slavković, M., & Nedelko, Z. (2021). Intellectual agility and innovation in micro and small businesses: The mediating role of entrepreneurial leadership. Journal of Business Research, 123, 683–695. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.013
View in Google Scholar - Delery, J. E., & Doty, D. H. (1996). Modes of theorizing in strategic human resource management: Tests of universalistic, contingency, and configurational performance predictions. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 802–835. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/256713
View in Google Scholar - Đinđić, M., & Bajić, D. (2018). Challenges of public administration reform in Serbia: between requirements and reality. Region, 7(2), 9–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/reg.2018.0014
View in Google Scholar - Dušan , M., Jovančević , J., & Jovančević , S. (2018). Culture and public administration reforms in postsocialist transformation: The case of Serbia. Sociologija, 60(3), 653–669. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/SOC1803653M
View in Google Scholar - Dutton, J. E., Worline, M. C., Frost, P. J., & Lilius, J. (2006). Explaining compassion organizing. Administrative Science Quarterly, 51(1), 59–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.51.1.59
View in Google Scholar - Eldor, L. (2018). Public service sector: The compassionate workplace – The effect of compassion and stress on employee engagement, burnout, and performance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 28(1), 86–103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mux028
View in Google Scholar - Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
View in Google Scholar - Foy, T., Dwyer, R. J., Nafarrete, R., Hammoud, M. S. S., & Rockett, P. (2019). Managing job performance, social support and work-life conflict to reduce workplace stress. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 68, 1018–1041. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-03-2017-0061
View in Google Scholar - George, D., & Mallery, P. (1999). SPSS® for Windows® step by step: A simple guide and reference. Needham Heights: Allyn and Bacon.
View in Google Scholar - Giacomelli, G., Vainieri, M., Garzi, R., & Zamaro, N. (2020). Organizational commitment across different institutional settings: How perceived procedural constraints frustrate self-sacrifice. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 88(3), 702–720. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852320949629
View in Google Scholar - Glaser, D. N., Tatum, B. C., Nebeker, D. M., Sorenson, R. C., & Aiello, J. R. (1999). Workload and social support: Effects on performance and stress. Human Performance, 12, 155–176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08959289909539865
View in Google Scholar - Gould-Williams, J., Mostafa, A. M., & Bottomley, P. (2015). Public service motivation and employee outcomes in the Egyptian public sector: Testing the mediating effect of person-organization fit. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 25(2), 597–622. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mut053
View in Google Scholar - Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis with readings. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
View in Google Scholar - Hancer, M., & George, R. T. (2003). Job satisfaction of restaurant employees: An empirical investigation using the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 27(1), 85–100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348002238882
View in Google Scholar - Henson, R. K., & Roberts, J. K. (2006). Use of exploratory factor analysis in published research: Common errors and some comment on improved practice. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(3), 393–416. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282485
View in Google Scholar - Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman B. (1967). The motivation to work. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
View in Google Scholar - Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. (1959). The motivation to work. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
View in Google Scholar - Herzberg, F. I. (1966). Work and the nature of man. Cleveland: World Publishing Company.
View in Google Scholar - Hirschfeld, R. R. (2000). Does revising the intrinsic and extrinsic subscales of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire short form make a difference? Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(2), 255–270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00131640021970493
View in Google Scholar - Hitka, M., Balážová, Ž., Gražulis, V., & Lejskova, P. (2018). Differences in employee motivation in selected countries of CEE (Slovakia, Lithuania and the Czech Republic). Engineering Economics, 29(5), 536–547. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.29.5.13953
View in Google Scholar - Homberg, F., McCarthy, D., & Tabvuma, V. (2015). A meta-analysis of the relationship between public service motivation and job satisfaction. Public Administration Review, 75(5), 711–722. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12423
View in Google Scholar - Horowitz, M. A., & Leino, R. (2020). Pandemic and public service media: Lessons from Finland. Baltic Screen Media Review, 8(1), 18–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/bsmr-2020-0003
View in Google Scholar - Houston, D. J. (2014). Public service motivation in the post‐communist state. Public Administration, 92(4), 843–860. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12070
View in Google Scholar - Hsieh, C. W. (2018). No one can serve two masters: Revisiting the interaction effect of love of money and public service motivation on job satisfaction. Public Performance and Management Review, 41(4), 745–767. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2018.1462214
View in Google Scholar - de Juana-Espinosa, S., & Rakowska, A. (2018). Public sector motivational practices and their effect on job satisfaction: Country differences. European Journal of Management and Business Economics, 27(2), 141–154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EJMBE-02-2018-0027
View in Google Scholar - Jensen, U. T., Kjeldsen, A. M., & Vestergaard, C. F. (2020). How is public service motivation affected by regulatory policy changes? International Public Management Journal, 23(4), 465–495. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2019.1642268
View in Google Scholar - Kalwani, S. (2021). The effect of COVID fatigue on mental health in the public sector organizations: Exploring compassion as a mediator. Decision, 48(4), 403–418. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40622-021-00294-6
View in Google Scholar - Karasek, R., Brisson, C., Kawakami, N., Houtman, I., Bongers, P., & Amick, B. (1998). The job content questionnaire (JCQ): An instrument for internationally comparative assessments of psychosocial job characteristics. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(4), 322–355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//1076-8998.3.4.322
View in Google Scholar - Kauzya, J. M., & Niland, E. (2020). The role of public service and public servants during the COVID-19 pandemic. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) Policy Briefs.
View in Google Scholar - Kim, S. (2009). Revising Perry's measurement scale of public service motivation. American Review of Public Administration, 39(2), 149–163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074008317681
View in Google Scholar - Kim, S. (2012). Does person-organization fit matter in the public-sector? Testing the mediating effect of person-organization fit in the relationship between public service motivation and work attitudes. Public Administration Review, 72(6), 830–840. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2012.02572.x
View in Google Scholar - Kim, S., & Vandenabeele, W. (2010). A strategy for building public service motivation research internationally. Public Administration Review, 70(5), 701–709. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02198.x
View in Google Scholar - Kim, S., Vandenabeele, W., Wright, B. E., & Andersen, L. B. (2013). Investigating the structure and meaning of public service motivation across populations developing. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 23, 79–102.
View in Google Scholar - Kim, S., Vandenabeele, W., Wright, B. E., Andersen, L. B., Cerase, F. P., Christensen, R. K., & Palidauskaite, J. (2012). Investigating the structure and meaning of public service motivation across populations: Developing an international instrument and addressing issues of measurement invariance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 23(1), 79–102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mus027
View in Google Scholar - Kjeldsen, A. M., & Hansen, J. R. (2018). Sector differences in the public service motivation–job satisfaction relationship: Exploring the role of organizational characteristics. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 38(1), 24–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X16631605
View in Google Scholar - Kondratenko, V., Okopnyk, O., Ziganto, L., & Kwilinski, A. (2020). Innovation development of public administration: Management and legislation features. Marketing and Management of Innovations, 1, 87–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2020.1-06
View in Google Scholar - Lam, L. W. (2012). Impact of competitiveness on salespeople's commitment and performance. Journal of Business Research, 65(9), 1328–1334. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.026
View in Google Scholar - Lekić, N., Vapa-Tankosić, J., Rajaković-Mijailović, J., & Lekić, S. (2019). An analysis of factors influencing employee job satisfaction in a public sector. Business Administration and Management, 3(22), 83–99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2019-3-006
View in Google Scholar - Lindell, M. K., & Whitney, D. J. (2001). Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs. Journal of applied psychology, 86(1), 114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.86.1.114
View in Google Scholar - Liu, B., & Almor, T. (2016). How culture influences the way entrepreneurs deal with uncertainty in inter-organizational relationships: The case of returnee versus local entrepreneurs in China. International Business Review, 25, 4–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2014.11.002
View in Google Scholar - Liu, B., Tang, N., & Zhu, X. (2008). Public service motivation and job satisfaction in China: An investigation of generalisability and instrumentality. International Journal of Manpower, 29(8), 684–699. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720810919297
View in Google Scholar - Liu, B., Zhang, X., & Lv, X. (2014). Compassion as the affective dimension of public service motivation in a Chinese context. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 42(2), 245–251. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2014.42.2.245
View in Google Scholar - McCarthy, D., Wei, P., Homberg, F., & Tabvuma, V. (2019). Public service motivation in the Chinese public and private sectors. Evidence-based HRM: A Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship, 9(1), 1–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EBHRM-06-2018-0039
View in Google Scholar - Mihalca, L., Rațiu, L., Brendea, G., Metz, D., Dragan, M., & Dobre, F. (2021). Exhaustion while teleworking during COVID-19: A moderated-mediation model of role clarity, self-efficacy, and task interdependence. Oeconomia Copernicana, 12(2), 269–306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2021.010
View in Google Scholar - Min, N., Ki, N., & Yoon, T. (2021). Public service motivation, job satisfaction, and the moderating effect of employment sector: A meta-analysis. International Review of Public Administration, 26(2), 135–155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/12294659.2020.1866272
View in Google Scholar - Morgeson, F. P., & Humphrey, S. E. (2006). The work design questionnaire (WDQ): developing and validating a comprehensive measure for assessing job design and the nature of work. Journal of Applied Psychology 91(6), 1321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1321
View in Google Scholar - Nadim, M., & Zafar, M. A. (2021). Evaluation of nurses’ job engagement as an outcome of experienced compassion in the workplace, using the lens of affective event theory. SAGE Open, 11(4), 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211058185
View in Google Scholar - Nisar, A., Abid, G., Elahi, N. S., Ahsan Athar, M., & Farooqi, S. (2020). Impact of compassion on voice behavior: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6(4), 148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6040148
View in Google Scholar - Norris, P. (2003). Is there still a public service ethos? Work values, experience, and job satisfaction among government workers. In J. D. Donahue & J. S. Nye, Jr. (Eds.). For the people: Can we fix public service? (pp. 72–89). Washington: Brookings Institution Press.
View in Google Scholar - Olding, M., Barker, A., McNeil, R., & Boyd, J. (2021). Essential work, precarious labour: The need for safer and equitable harm reduction work in the era of COVID-19. International Journal of Drug Policy, 90, 103076. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103076
View in Google Scholar - Ong, L. Z., Chiu, C.-Y., & Mpofu, N. (2022). Promoting employees’ mental health in the post-COVID new normal: Using a peer support model. Managing Human Resources: the New Normal, 12, 211–228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09803-1_12
View in Google Scholar - Orgambídez, A., & Almeida, H. (2020). Social support, role clarity and job satisfaction: A successful combination for nurses. International Nursing Review, 67(3), 380–386. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12591
View in Google Scholar - Perry, J., & Wise, L. R. (1990). The motivational bases of public service. Public Administration Review, 50(3), 367–373. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/976618
View in Google Scholar - Perry, J. L. (1996). Measuring public service motivation: An assessment of construct reliability and validity. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 6(1), 5–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024303
View in Google Scholar - Perry, J. L. (1997). Antecedents of public service motivation. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 7(2), 181–197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024345
View in Google Scholar - Pohl, S., & Galleta, M. (2017). The role of supervisor emotional support on individual job satisfaction: A multilevel analysis. Applied Nursing Research, 33, 61–66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2016.10.004
View in Google Scholar - Poór, J., Engle, A. D., Kovács, I. É., Morley, M. J., Kerekes, K., Slavic, A., & Abdrazakova, A. (2020). Multinationals and the evolving contours of their human management practices in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 42(3), 582–608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-01-2019-0082
View in Google Scholar - Profiroiu, A. G., Sabie, O. M., Briscariu, R., & Nastacă, C. C. (2021). Work motivation and satisfaction of civil servants from Romania’s senate. Management Research and Practice, 13(4), 17–25.
View in Google Scholar - Russo, M., Shteigman, A., & Carmeli, A. (2015). Workplace and family support and work – life balance: Implications for individual psychological availability and energy at work. Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(2), 173–188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1025424
View in Google Scholar - Săraru, C. S. (2023). Regulation of public services in the administrative code of Romania: Challenges and limitations. Access to Justice in Eastern Europe, 1(18), 69-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33327/AJEE-18-6.1-a000110
View in Google Scholar - Schuster, C., Weitzman, L., Sass Mikkelsen, K., Meyer‐Sahling, J., Bersch, K., Fukuyama, F., & Kay, K. (2020). Responding to COVID‐19 through surveys of public servants. Public Administration Review, 80(5), 792–796. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13246
View in Google Scholar - Schwarzer, R., Knoll, N., & Rieckmann, N. (2004). Social support. Health Psychology, 158, 283–292.
View in Google Scholar - Siu, O. L., Lu, C. Q., &Spector, P. E. (2013). Direct and indirect relationship between social stressors and job performance in Greater China: The role of strain and social support. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22, 520–531. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.665606
View in Google Scholar - Slavković, M., Sretenović, S., & Bugarčić, M. (2021). Remote working for sustainability of organization during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediator-moderator role of social support. Sustainability, 14(1), 70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010070
View in Google Scholar - Soper, D. S. (2018). A-priori sample size calculator for structural equation models. Retrieved form http://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc (09.12.2021).
View in Google Scholar - Spector, P. E. (1997). Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, causes, and consequences. Thousand Oaks: Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452231549
View in Google Scholar - Spillane, R. (1973). Intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction and labour turnover: A questionnaire study of Australian managers. Occupational Psychology, 47, 71–74.
View in Google Scholar - Stefurak, T., Morgan, R., & Johnson, R. B. (2020). The relationship of public service motivation to job satisfaction and job performance of emergency medical services professionals. Public Personnel Management, 49(4), 590–616. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026020917695
View in Google Scholar - Sundin, L., Hochwalder, J., Bildt, C., & Lisspers, J. (2007). The relationship between different work-related sources of social support and burnout among registered and assistant nurses in Sweden. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 44, 758–769. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.01.004
View in Google Scholar - Tsai, H.-Y. (2023). The role of employee assistance programs under COVID-19-induced work–family conflict: Effects on service employees' work engagement and burnout. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 64(5), 663–673. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12922
View in Google Scholar - Vandenabeele, W. (2007). Toward a theory of public service motivation: An institutional approach. Public Management Review, 9(4), 545–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030701726697
View in Google Scholar - Vandenabeele, W. (2009). The mediating effect of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on self-reported performance: More robust evidence of the PSM—performance relationship. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 75(1), 11–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852308099504
View in Google Scholar - Vandenabeele, W., & Van de Walle, S. (2008). International difference in public service motivation: Comparing regions across the world. In J. L. Perry & A. Hondeghem (Eds). Motivation in public management: The call of public service (pp. 223–244). Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199234035.003.0012
View in Google Scholar - Vandenabeele, W., Scheepers, S., & Hondeghem, A. (2006). Public service motivation in an international comparative perspective: The UK and Germany. Public Policy and Administration, 21(1), 13–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/095207670602100102
View in Google Scholar - Vyas, L. (2022). New normal at work in a post-COVID world: Work–life balance and labor markets. Policy and Society, 41(1), 155–167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/polsoc/puab011
View in Google Scholar - Wang, Z., Cai, S., Liang, H., Wang, N., & Xiang, E. (2018). Intellectual capital and firm performance: The mediating role of innovation speed and quality. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(1), 1–29. doi: 0.1080/0958 5192.2018.1511611.
View in Google Scholar - Weiss, D. J., Dawis, R. V., & England, G. W. (1967). Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Minnesota Studies in Vocational Rehabilitation, 22, 120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t05540-000
View in Google Scholar - Westland, J. C. (2010). Lower bounds on sample size in structural equation modeling. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 9(6), 476–487. doi: 10.1016/j.el erap.2010.07.003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2010.07.003
View in Google Scholar - White, D. R., Kyle, M. J., & Schafer, J. A. (2021). Police officers’ job satisfaction: Combining public service motivation and person-environment fit. Journal of Crime and Justice, 45(2), 1–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2020.1855464
View in Google Scholar - Yang, K. (2020). Unprecedented challenges, familiar paradoxes: COVID‐19 and governance in a new normal state of risks. Public Administration Review, 80(4), 657–664. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13248
View in Google Scholar - Yang, Y. F. (2009). An investigation of group interaction functioning stimulated by transformational leadership on employee intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction: An extension of the resource-based theory perspective. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 37(9), 1259–1277. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.9.1259
View in Google Scholar - Zarychta, A., Grillos, T., & Andersson, K. P. (2020). Public sector governance reform and the motivation of street‐level bureaucrats in developing countries. Public Administration Review, 80(1), 75–91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13132
View in Google Scholar